Continuous flow systems
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to predict the distribution of residence-times in large systems using distribution-functions for residence times, which can be used to calculate the efficiencies of reactors and blenders.
About: This article is published in Chemical Engineering Science.The article was published on 1953-02-01. It has received 1929 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Perfect mixing.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a procedure for preparing a nanofluid which is a suspension consisting of nanophase powders and a base liquid, and their TEM photographs are given to illustrate the stability and evenness of suspension.
2,341 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an evaluation and review of the transit time literature in the context of catchments and water transit time estimation and provide a critical analysis of unresolved issues when applied at the catchment-scale.
766 citations
Cites methods from "Continuous flow systems"
...Most methods are based on early adaptations from the chemical engineering and groundwater fields (e.g., Danckwerts, 1953; Eriksson, 1958; Maloszewski and Zuber, 1982; Haas et al., 1997; Levenspiel, 1999) and may not apply in catchments where there are complex and important controlling processes…...
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TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that similarly to the movement in capillaries, also in other dispersive systems, the distinction between the concentration of solute in res is also made by known and new transformations.
718 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative importance of these factors is scale-dependent and their relative impact on contaminant transport is evaluated for hydrophobic organic compounds, physical nonequilibrium (i.e., rate-limited mass transfer in aggregated or layered systems) and intraorganic matter diffusion (rate-limited diffusion within the sorbent organic matter matrix) are probably the predominant factors causing nonideality.
Abstract: In modeling subsurface contaminant transport, sorption is often simplified by assuming instantaneous equilibrium, isotherm linearity, and sorption‐desorption singularity. Data exhibiting behavior that deviates from that predicted by this simple model have been reported, challenging the validity of these assumptions. This nonideal sorptive behavior has been attributed to several different factors, including kinetic sorption reactions, diffusive mass transfer resistances, isotherm nonlinearity, and sorption‐desorption nonsingularity. These factors are examined and their relative impact on contaminant transport is evaluated. For hydrophobic organic compounds, physical nonequilibrium (i.e., rate‐limited mass‐transfer in aggregated or layered systems) and intraorganic matter diffusion (rate‐limited diffusion within the sorbent organic matter matrix) are probably the predominant factors causing nonideality. The relative importance of these factors is scale‐dependent. For smaller scale systems, mass‐transfer lim...
564 citations
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876 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the important features of such mixtures can be expressed by two statistically defined quantities, the scale and the intensity of segregation, and methods of measuring these are suggested.
Abstract: The systematic study of mixing processes requires a quantitative method of expressing “goodness of mixing”, based on conveniently-made measurements. In this paper, mixtures of mutually soluble liquids, fine powders, or gases are considered. It is shown that the important features of such mixtures can be expressed by two statistically-defined quantities, the scale and the intensity of segregation, and methods of measuring these are suggested. The discussion also throws light on some of the factors which affect the efficiency of mixing processes.
698 citations
72 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the general principles of the kinetics of reactions as carried out in the two main types of continuous process are discussed and compared with the corresponding batch system with regard to the necessary volume of reaction space.
Abstract: The paper discusses the general principles of the kinetics of reactions as carried out in the two main types of continuous process. Comparison is made with the corresponding batch system with regard to the necessary volume of reaction space. It is shown that a correct choice of the type of process can sometimes be used to increase the yield of a reaction. The application of these principles to polymerization is described in outline.
58 citations
58 citations