Contributions to a monograph of the Aphididae of Europe.
01 Jan 1947-Vol. 7, pp 179-319
About: The article was published on 1947-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 177 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this review, the term "mutualism" is defined as an association between ants and other insects which is mutually beneficial without neces sarily implying obligate dependence or interdependence.
Abstract: Nixon ( 107) , in a detailed survey of the literature on the relations of ants with aphids and coccids showed that until the year 1948 comparatively few critical studies had been made on the nature of the association and on the value of the different benefits received by each partner. He concluded that the evidence did not justify many of the exaggerated claims of a spe cial bond uniting the partners to their mutual advantage and, except in a few instances, he questioned the apparent benefits derived by the associated species. Outstanding contributions by Van der Goot ( 136) , Biinzli (27) , and Herzig (65) have now been supplemented by recent experimental work especially on aphids associated with Lasius and Formica spp., and on Pseudococcidae and Coccidae associated with Iridomyrmez humilis Mayr and Oecophylla spp. These ants and their associated Homoptera exemplify different forms of mutualism and are discussed in more detail than are other species. The review is also selective because it is limited to certain controversial topics, namely, adaptations of Homoptera related to their association with ants, benefits derived by the Homoptera, contribution of Homoptera to the food supply of ants, specificity in the ant-Homoptera as sociation, and the ant-Homoptera association in relation to their natural control. In this review, the term "mutualism" is defined as an association be tween ants and other insects which is mutually beneficial without neces sarily implying obligate dependence or interdependence. Myrmecophilous species are those which benefit from ants and are more or less adapted to live with them in a relationship which need not be either obligatory or mutually beneficial.
913 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The aim of this book is to provide a history of resource tracking in space and some of the techniques used have been described, as well as some new approaches, that have been proposed and tested in the laboratory.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Feeding Behaviour and Food Quality. 3. Host Specificity and Speciation. 4. Size. 5. Resource Tracking: Mechanism - Cyclical Parthenogenesis. 6. Resource Tracking: Mechanism - Polyphenism. 7. Resource Tracking in Time. 8. Resource Tracking in Space. 9. Population Dynamics. 10. Community Structure and Species Diversity. 11. Epilogue. References. Index.
408 citations
TL;DR: In this review, an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism is provided and what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphisms is reviewed.
Abstract: Many species of insects display dispersing and nondispersing morphs. Among these, aphids are one of the best examples of taxa that have evolved specialized morphs for dispersal versus reproduction. The dispersing morphs typically possess a full set of wings as well as a sensory and reproductive physiology that is adapted to flight and reproducing in a new location. In contrast, the nondispersing morphs are wingless and show adaptations to maximize fecundity. In this review, we provide an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism. We first provide a description of the dimorphism and an overview of its phylogenetic distribution. We then review what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphism and end by discussing its evolutionary aspects.
303 citations
Cites background from "Contributions to a monograph of the..."
...Hille Ris Lambers L (1966)....
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...Male wing polymorphism in the pea aphid Winged and wingless males of the pea aphid are found both in the ancestral range of Europe and in introduced populations of North America (Meier, 1958; Müller, 1962; Cartier, 1963; Hille Ris Lambers, 1966; Blackman and Eastop, 1994, 2000)....
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...Mechanisms Environmental cues: The environmental conditions affecting the production of winged versus wingless morphs have been studied intensively (Hille Ris Lambers, 1966; Lees, 1966; Mittler and Sutherland, 1969; Kunkel and Kloft, 1974; Müller et al., 2001)....
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...In some of these species, however, some winged females may differ in their flight capability or colonies may display variation in wing length (Hille Ris Lambers and van den Bosch, 1964; Hille Ris Lambers, 1966; Dixon, 1972; Heie, 1982; Heikinheimo, 1987)....
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...In the few species that have been examined in detail, this dimorphism is apparently caused by a genetic polymorphism (Hille Ris Lambers, 1966; Müller, 1969; Smith and MacKay, 1989)....
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TL;DR: The biology and pest status of the common species of Sitobion, Metopolophium and Rhopalosiphum found on wheat, barley and oat crops in Europe is critically reviewed and the evidence suggests that they may be important in reducing their numbers.
Abstract: The biology and pest status of the common species of Sitobion, Metopolophium and Rhopalosiphum found on wheat, barley and oat crops in Europe is critically reviewed. After preliminary sections on species and sampling, the factors that induce the production of the different morphs of cereal aphids are considered. Basic life-cycles are described and the importance of migration and dispersal considered. Host-plant preferences, survival and reproduction on different Gramineae, and feeding site preferences are considered, particularly in relation to the type and amount Of damage caused by the aphids. The effects of constant temperatures on the biology of some species have been investigated, but little is known about the effects of weather in the field. There have been few quantitative studies on the effects of natural enemies on cereal aphids, but the evidence suggests that they may be important in reducing their numbers. Side-effects of pesticides and fertilisers on aphids are also discussed. Aphids may reduce grain yield and quality. Direct damage may result from reductions.
215 citations
TL;DR: The origins and maintenance of complex life cycles and of host associations are generally assumed by evolutionary ecologists to be governed by optimizing selection for maximal resource exploitation, but these optimization hypotheses are inconsistent with many of the facts concerning aphid heteroecy.
Abstract: The origins and maintenance of complex life cycles and of host associations are generally assumed by evolutionary ecologists to be governed by optimizing selection for maximal resource exploitation...
182 citations