Contributions to a monograph of the Aphididae of Europe. II. The genera Dactynotus Rafinesque, 1818; Staticobium Mordvilko, 1914; Macrosiphum Passerini, 1860; Masonaphis nov. gen.; Pharalis Leach, 1826.
01 Jan 1939-Vol. 4, pp 1-134
About: The article was published on 1939-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 55 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Macrosiphum.
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TL;DR: The biology and pest status of the common species of Sitobion, Metopolophium and Rhopalosiphum found on wheat, barley and oat crops in Europe is critically reviewed and the evidence suggests that they may be important in reducing their numbers.
Abstract: The biology and pest status of the common species of Sitobion, Metopolophium and Rhopalosiphum found on wheat, barley and oat crops in Europe is critically reviewed. After preliminary sections on species and sampling, the factors that induce the production of the different morphs of cereal aphids are considered. Basic life-cycles are described and the importance of migration and dispersal considered. Host-plant preferences, survival and reproduction on different Gramineae, and feeding site preferences are considered, particularly in relation to the type and amount Of damage caused by the aphids. The effects of constant temperatures on the biology of some species have been investigated, but little is known about the effects of weather in the field. There have been few quantitative studies on the effects of natural enemies on cereal aphids, but the evidence suggests that they may be important in reducing their numbers. Side-effects of pesticides and fertilisers on aphids are also discussed. Aphids may reduce grain yield and quality. Direct damage may result from reductions.
215 citations
TL;DR: Relationships found here challenge several traditional views of Aphidinae evolution: they suggest more than one origin of host alternation in the family, and they question the assumption that Aphidinee originated in the northern hemisphere.
115 citations
TL;DR: A molecular phylogenetic study was conducted to identify major clades within Uroleucon and to address the cladistic validity of current subgeneric categories, the evolution of host plant associations, the age of origin, and intercontinental movements in this genus.
Abstract: The genus Uroleucon, and the related genus Macrosiphoniella, represent a large Tertiary radiation of aphids, with a total of about 300 species distributed throughout the world, primarily on host plant species in the family Asteraceae. A molecular phylogenetic study was conducted to identify major clades within Uroleucon and to address the cladistic validity of current subgeneric categories, the evolution of host plant associations, the age of origin, and intercontinental movements in this genus. The seventeen study species included members of the three major subgenera of Uroleucon, species from Europe and North America, one member of Macrosiphoniella, and two outgroups. Data consisted of DNA sequences for three mitochondrial regions and the nuclear gene EF1alpha, for a total of 4287 sites. Nodes supported strongly in both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses suggest that: (1) Nearctic Uromelan are a monophyletic group branching near the base of the genus and not related to European Uromelan, (2) the New World subgenus Lambersius is possibly monophyletic but is not a tightly related group and is not closely related to other North American species, and (3) Nearctic members of subgenus Uroleucon are a closely related monophyletic group not allied with Nearctic Uromelan or Lambersius. Instead they represent a separate colonization by an Old World ancestor, as they are nested within a strongly supported clade containing European members of both subgenera Uroleucon and Uromelan. Neither of these subgenera is monophyletic. Molecular clock calculations, based on calibrations of mitochondrial divergences from other insects, suggest that Uroleucon + Macrosiphoniella is a relatively recent radiation, probably no more than 5-10 million years old. Although largely confined to Asteraceae, this clade did not radiate in parallel with its host plants. Rather, lateral movement between lineages of Asteraceae must have occurred repeatedly.
94 citations
TL;DR: Cereal aphids were sampled monthly on graminaceous host plants on farmland in Hampshire, UK from September 1977 to April 1980 and it was found that large summer populations of Metopolophium dirhodum were probably derived from holocyclic colonies on roses.
Abstract: Summary
Cereal aphids were sampled monthly on graminaceous host plants on farmland in Hampshire, UK from September 1977 to April 1980. Sitobion avenae overwintered anholocyclically on most types of Gramineae, particularly seedling grass crops and small-grain cereals. S. fragariae was probably mainly holocyclic on Rubus spp. Large summer populations of Metopolophium dirhodum were probably derived from holocyclic colonies on roses. M. festucae (subsp. cerealium) appeared to overwinter only anholocyclically, and was found mainly on mature grass crops and grasses in hedgerows. Rhopalosiphum padi was the most numerous species in autumn and overwintered anholocyclically in all three winters studied. R. insertum and R. maidis were rare and did not appear to survive the winter anholocyclically on graminaceous hosts.
52 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that temperature does not influence directly the kind of offspring produced, but does so indirectly by its effect on the number of light/dark cycles of an effective photoperiod that occur during the critical stage in the life of the aphid.
Abstract: Apterous and alate Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) from a clone reproducing agamically since 1952 produced viviparae and sexuales when exposed to certain photoperiods and temperatures. The kinds of...
50 citations