Control of photovoltaic technology
01 Jan 2016-pp 457-486
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of photovoltaic (PV) technology is presented and the impact of shading and mitigation techniques on the operation of a PV system is discussed.
Abstract: In this chapter, an overview of photovoltaic (PV) technology is presented. Semiconductors form the basis of a PV cell. Starting from an introduction of semiconductor physics, detailed modeling and operational characteristics of PV system are provided. To extract the maximum power from a PV system, various maximum power point tracking algorithms need to be implemented. A few of such algorithms are discussed in brief. Shading, either full or partial, affects the operation of a PV system to a large extent. The impact of shading and mitigation techniques is described in this work. Major emphasis is given to control of PV systems. Different modes of operation and philosophies of control of a PV system are also discussed. Operation below the maximum power and power sharing concepts in a microgrid are discussed at the end. The theory is described by numerical and graphical examples throughout the chapter.
Citations
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TL;DR: Different failure modes to which all photovoltaic systems are subjected are outlined, in addition to the essential integrated detection methods and technologies, and the extension of machine learning to knowledge-driven approaches, including generative models such as adversarial networks and transfer learning are discussed.
Abstract: To ensure the continuity of electric power generation for photovoltaic systems, condition monitoring frameworks are subject to major enhancements. The continuous uniform delivery of electric power depends entirely on a well-designed condition maintenance program. A just-in-time task to deal with several naturally occurring faults can be correctly undertaken via the cooperation of effective detection, diagnosis, and prognostic analyses. Therefore, the present review first outlines different failure modes to which all photovoltaic systems are subjected, in addition to the essential integrated detection methods and technologies. Then, data-driven paradigms, and their contribution to solving this prediction problem, are also explored. Accordingly, this review primarily investigates the different learning architectures used (i.e., ordinary, hybrid, and ensemble) in relation to their learning frameworks (i.e., traditional and deep learning). It also discusses the extension of machine learning to knowledge-driven approaches, including generative models such as adversarial networks and transfer learning. Finally, this review provides insights into different works to highlight various operating conditions and different numbers and types of failures, and provides links to some publicly available datasets in the field. The clear organization of the abundant information on this subject may result in rigorous guidelines for the trends adopted in the future.
20 citations
01 Jul 2016
TL;DR: In this article, an isolated Photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed for rural applications like water pumping for irrigation, daily needs and drinking water, where a Multi-input single-output (MISO) DC-DC converter is used in order to minimize the effects of partial shading and mismatch phenomena.
Abstract: In this paper an isolated Photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed for rural applications like water pumping for irrigation, daily needs and drinking water etc. Series connected PV modules (SCPVM) provides a cost effective solution due to reduced conductor cross-sectional area and relatively low converter gain. With the objective of improvement in performance and efficiency of isolated SCPVM based PV water pumping system, a Multi-input single-output (MISO) DC-DC converter is used in this paper. The contribution of this paper is to provide an effective PV system without battery storage for water pumping applications so as to minimize the effects of partial shading and mismatch phenomena even though when PV modules are connected in series. Different irradiation patterns are observing the behavior during partial shading. The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Results show that use of MISO DC-DC converter instead of conventional DC-DC converter in SCPVM increases the PV power output and thus enhance the water pumping action.
19 citations
01 Nov 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified MISO DC-DC converter based photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system is designed for population living in remote areas to fulfill their water pumping requirement for various applications like drinking water, water for irrigation and daily needs etc.
Abstract: In this paper an modified MISO DC-DC converter based Photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system is designed for population living in remote areas to fulfill their water pumping requirement for various applications like drinking water, water for irrigation and daily needs etc. With the objective of improvement in performance and efficiency of PV based water pumping system and thus to justify its installation cost, a modified Multi-input single-output (MISO) converter is proposed. Contribution of this paper is the implementation of proposed MISO converter to the conventional PV based water pumping system to enhance extraction of power from PV units under partial shading/mismatching phenomena without any energy storage device. Various irradiation patterns are considered to create the mismatching conditions and observe the performance of designed system. To verify the performance of proposed MISO converter, designed system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results show that the implementation of proposed MISO converter instead of conventional DC-DC converter based PV water pumping system increases the extracted power from PV units under mismatching phenomena.
11 citations
01 Nov 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of partial shading and mismatching on the performance of PV-based water pumping applications is investigated. But, the authors only considered the case of single-stage PV systems, centralized DC-DC converter based PV system, PV panel level Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT)-based PV system and PV module level DMPPT-based PV systems.
Abstract: Partial shading and/or mismatching phenomena in Photovoltaic (PV) based system cause reduced extraction of PV power and thus adversely impact the performance of PV based system; especially in case of stand-alone PV systems. In this paper four different configurations namely single stage PV system, centralized DC-DC converter based PV system, PV panel level Distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) based PV system and PV module level DMPPT based PV system are considered for water pumping application. Impact of partial shading and mismatching for the considered four configurations is simulated using MATLAB/SIMLINK. Techno-economical analysis is performed in terms of PV power being extracted, saving in power and investment. From the analysis it is found that PV module level DMPPT based configuration is better in various types of random partial shading/mismatching conditions and increase in extracted PV power as compared to single stage and other configurations; justify the cost of additional investment required for additional DC-DC converters. Cost benefit analysis shows that even after considering the cost of additional DC-DC converters required to implement DMPPT PV module level, this method is more economical as it increases the utilization of installed PV capacity.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a stand-alone Multi-Input Dual-Output (MIDO) DC-DC converter based solar photovoltaic (SPV) based system is installed at a farm; surrounded with plants for water pumping with stable flow (not pulsating) along with battery energy storage (BES) for lighting.
Abstract:
Despite so many developments, most of the farmers in the rural areas are
still dependent on rainwater, rivers or water wells, for irrigation, drinking water etc. The main reason
behind such dependency is non-connectivity with the National grid and thus unavailability of
electricity. To extract the maximum power from solar photovoltaic (SPV) based system, implementation
of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is mandatory. PV power is intermittent in nature.
Variation in the irradiation level due to partial shading or mismatching phenomena leads to the development
of modular DC-DC converters.
A stand-alone Multi-Input Dual-Output (MIDO) DC-DC converter based SPV system, is
installed at a farm; surrounded with plants for water pumping with stable flow (not pulsating) along
with battery energy storage (BES) for lighting. The proposed work has two main objectives; first to
maximize the available PV power under shadowing and mismatching condition in case of series/
parallel connected PV modules and second is to improve the utilization of available PV energy
with dual loads connected to it. Implementation of proposed MIDO converter along with BES addresses
these objectives. First, MIDO controller ensures the MPPT operation of the SPV system to
extract maximum power even under partial shading condition and second, controls the power supplied
to the motor-pump system and BES. The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/ SIMULINK
environment. Real-time experimental readings under natural sun irradiance through hardware
set-up are also taken under dynamic field conditions to validate the performance.
The inherent advantage of individual MPPT of each PV source in MIDO
configuration, under varying shadow patterns due to surrounding plants and trees is added to common
DC bus and therefore provides a better impact on PV power extraction as compared to conventional
PV based water pumping system. Multi-outputs at different supply voltages is another flag of
MIDO system. Both these aspects are implemented and working successfully at 92.75% efficiency.
References
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TL;DR: The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed in this paper, and at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation.
Abstract: The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed. The techniques are taken from the literature dating back to the earliest methods. It is shown that at least 19 distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variations on implementation. This paper should serve as a convenient reference for future work in PV power generation.
5,022 citations
Book•
21 May 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of three-phase transformers and their application in DC-DC Converters, including the following: 1. Power Semiconductor Diodes and Circuits 2. Power Transistors 3. Diode Rectifiers 4. Power Supplies. 5. DC Drives.
Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. Power Semiconductor Diodes and Circuits. 3. Diode Rectifiers. 4. Power Transistors. 5. DC-DC Converters. 6. Pulse-width Modulated Inverters. 7. Thyristors. 8. Resonant Pulse Inverters. 9. Multilevel Inverters. 10. Controlled Rectifiers. 11. AC Voltage Controllers. 12. Static Switches. 13. Flexible AC Transmission Systems. 14. Power Supplies. 15. DC Drives. 16. AC Drives. 17. Gate Drive Circuits. 18. Protection of Devices and Circuits. Appendices: Three-phase Circuits, Magnetic Circuits, Switching Functions of Converters, DC Transient Analysis, Fourier Analysis, Thyristor Commutation Techniques, Data Sheets.
2,055 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2004TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the early history of the electric power industry, including the early pioneers of the electrical power industry and the development of the modern electric power system.
Abstract: Preface.1 Basic Electric and Magnetic Circuits.1.1 Introduction to Electric Circuits.1.2 Definitions of Key Electrical Quantities.1.3 Idealized Voltage and Current Sources.1.4 Electrical Resistance.1.5 Capacitance.1.6 Magnetic Circuits.1.7 Inductance.1.8 Transformers.2 Fundamentals of Electric Power.2.1 Effective Values of Voltage and Current.2.2 Idealized Components Subjected to Sinusoidal Voltages.2.3 Power Factor.2.4 The Power Triangle and Power Factor Correction.2.5 Three-Wire, Single-Phase Residential Wiring.2.6 Three-Phase Systems.2.7 Power Supplies.2.8 Power Quality.3 The Electric Power Industry.3.1 The Early Pioneers: Edison, Westinghouse, and Insull.3.2 The Electric Utility Industry Today.3.3 Polyphase Synchronous Generators.3.4 Carnot Efficiency for Heat Engines.3.5 Steam-Cycle Power Plants.3.6 Combustion Gas Turbines.3.7 Combined-Cycle Power Plants.3.8 Gas Turbines and Combined-Cycle Cogeneration.3.9 Baseload, Intermediate and Peaking Power Plants.3.10 Transmission and Distribution.3.11 The Regulatory Side of Electric Power.3.12 The Emergence of Competitive Markets.4 Distributed Generation.4.1 Electricity Generation in Transition.4.2 Distributed Generation with Fossil Fuels.4.3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies.4.4 Biomass for Electricity.4.5 Micro-Hydropower Systems.4.6 Fuel Cells.4.6.7 Electrical Characteristics of Real Fuel Cells.4.6.8 Types of Fuel Cells.4.6.9 Hydrogen Production.5 Economics of Distributed Resources.5.1 Distributed Resources (DR).5.2 Electric Utility Rate Structures.5.3 Energy Economics.5.4 Energy Conservation Supply Curves.5.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP).5.6 Cooling, Heating, and Cogeneration.5.7 Distributed Benefits.5.8 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) and Demand-Side Management (DSM).6 Wind Power Systems.6.1 Historical Development of Wind Power.6.2 Types of Wind Turbines.6.3 Power in the Wind.6.4 Impact of Tower Height.6.5 Maximum Rotor Efficiency.6.6 Wind Turbine Generators.6.7 Speed Control for Maximum Power.6.8 Average Power in the Wind.6.9 Simple Estimates of Wind Turbine Energy.6.10 Specific Wind Turbine Performance Calculations.6.11 Wind Turbine Economics.7 The Solar Resource.7.1 The Solar Spectrum.7.2 The Earth's Orbit.7.3 Altitude Angle of the Sun at Solar Noon.7.4 Solar Position at any Time of Day.7.5 Sun Path Diagrams for Shading Analysis.7.6 Solar Time and Civil (Clock) Time.7.7 Sunrise and Sunset.7.8 Clear Sky Direct-Beam Radiation.7.9 Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface.7.10 Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation.7.11 Solar Radiation Measurements.7.12 Average Monthly Insolation.8 Photovoltaic Materials and Electrical Characteristics.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Basic Semiconductor Physics.8.3 A Generic Photovoltaic Cell.8.4 From Cells to Modules to Arrays.8.5 The PV I -V Curve Under Standard Test Conditions (STC).8.6 Impacts of Temperature and Insolation on I -V Curves.8.7 Shading impacts on I-V curves.8.8 Crystalline Silicon Technologies.8.9 Thin-Film Photovoltaics.9 Photovoltaic Systems.9.1 Introduction to the Major Photovoltaic System Types.9.2 Current-Voltage Curves for Loads.9.3 Grid-Connected Systems.9.4 Grid-Connected PV System Economics.9.5 Stand-Alone PV Systems.9.6 PV-Powered Water Pumping.APPENDIX A: Useful Conversion Factors.APPENDIX B: Sun-Path Diagrams.APPENDIX C: Hourly Clear-Sky Insolation Tables.APPENDIX D: Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation Tables.APPENDIX E: Solar Insolation Tables byCity.APPENDIX F: Maps of Solar Insolation.Index.
1,884 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the MPPT techniques applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available until January, 2012 is provided, which is intended to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems. But, confusion lies while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits.
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available until January, 2012. A good number of publications report on different MPPT techniques for a PV system together with implementation. But, confusion lies while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits. Hence, a proper review of these techniques is essential. Unfortunately, very few attempts have been made in this regard, excepting two latest reviews on MPPT [Salas, 2006], [Esram and Chapman, 2007]. Since, MPPT is an essential part of a PV system, extensive research has been revealed in recent years in this field and many new techniques have been reported to the list since then. In this paper, a detailed description and then classification of the MPPT techniques have made based on features, such as number of control variables involved, types of control strategies employed, types of circuitry used suitably for PV system and practical/commercial applications. This paper is intended to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems.
1,584 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems.
Abstract: The environmental and economical benefits of the microgrid and consequently its acceptability and degree of proliferation in the utility power industry, are primarily determined by the envisioned controller capabilities and the operational features. Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource (DER) units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems.
1,335 citations