Convective Immersion Cooling of Parallel Vertical Plates
01 Sep 1985-IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology (IEEE)-Vol. 8, Iss: 3, pp 343-351
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an analytical basis for the design and optimization of convective immersion cooling systems by focusing on the analytical development and experimental verification of composite relations for the natural convection heat transfer coefficients prevailing along the Surfaces of immersed, uniformly heated plates in both symmetric and asymmetric configurations.
Abstract: Complete immersion of electronic assemblies, in fluids of appropriately high dielectric strength and low dielectric constant, offers a most promising alternative to conventional thermal control measures. The present study is aimed at providing an analytical basis for the design and optimization of convective immersion cooling systems by focusing on the analytical development and experimental verification of composite relations for the natural convection heat transfer coefficients prevailing along the Surfaces of immersed, uniformly heated plates in both symmetric and asymmetric configurations.
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Cray1
TL;DR: A cooling system employs a cooling liquid and a cooling gas in a combined thermodynamic cycle to overcome the flow resistance of dense assemblies of heat generating components and to improve heat transfer by inducing turbulence, thereby reducing the effects of thermal hysteresis and boundary layer formation as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A cooling system employs a cooling liquid and a cooling gas in a combined thermodynamic cycle to overcome the flow resistance of dense assemblies of heat generating components and to improve heat transfer by inducing turbulence, thereby reducing the effects of thermal hysteresis and boundary layer formation. Sensible heat gain to the cooling liquid and gas and latent heat of vaporization of the cooling liquid also occur in channels through and over the components. The flow of cooling gas propels the cooling liquid through the channels. The cooling system is advantageous for cooling electronic components such as integrated circuits which exhibit relatively high degree of energy and physical density, in supercomputers. The cooling system may also be advantageously combined with an immersion cooling system for the power supply components in the computer.
121 citations
01 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of the research challenges associated with the commercial implementation of on-chip thermoelectric coolers and direct liquid cooling in dielectric liquids.
Abstract: The rapid increase in on-chip heat fluxes and package heat density, accompanying the migration to nanoelectronics and 3D chip stacks, has placed thermal management squarely on the critical path for advanced product development. Innovative, cost-effective cooling techniques, combined in a synergetic way with more conventional approaches, must be developed if the benefits of the Moore's Law progression are to be realized. Following a brief discussion of the industry roadmap for IC packaging and review of chip package thermal management options, attention will turn to the application of solidstate thermoelectric refrigeration and the thermal characteristics of direct immersion cooling in dielectric liquids. The presentation will close with a discussion of the research challenges associated with the commercial implementation of on-chip thermoelectric coolers and direct liquid cooling.
27 citations
Cites methods from "Convective Immersion Cooling of Par..."
...[8]A. Bar-Cohen, and H. Schweitzer, Convective immersion cooling of parallel vertical plates, IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, CHMT-8(3), 343-351, 1985....
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...1) Natural Convection: Following the composite Nusselt number correlation derivations of Bar-Cohen and Rohsenow [7] and including the Prandtl number correction of Bar-Cohen and Schweitzer [8], Geisler [9] derived and validated a composite Nusselt number correlation for symmetrically-heated, vertical microchannels immersed in saturated FC-72 at atmospheric pressure, based on the use of the fully-developed and isolated plate asymptotes, as...
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...1) Natural Convection: Following the composite Nusselt number correlation derivations of Bar-Cohen and Rohsenow [7] and including the Prandtl number correction of Bar-Cohen and Schweitzer [8], Geisler [9] derived and validated a composite Nusselt number correlation for symmetrically-heated, vertical microchannels immersed in saturated FC-72 at atmospheric pressure, based on the use of the fully-developed and isolated plate asymptotes, as (1) where the Elenbass number, El, is defined as, (2) (2) ( ) kL TTgc L p L µ δβρδ 4 ambdie 2 4 4 RaEl − =≡ (2) Following Elenbaas [10], the heat transfer coefficient defined by equation (1) includes the fluid temperature rise in the channel and is, therefore, based on the temperature difference between the channel wall and the fluid at the channel inlet....
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01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a model analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux.
Abstract: Etude analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux. Resultats experimentaux pour la temperature de la paroi en fonction de la localisation axiale du flux thermique et de l'espacement des plaques. Modele theorique du debit liquide a travers le canal et correlation de la vitesse du transfert de chaleur des parois du canal
25 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: A bibliography of 237 publications dealing with heat transfer in electronic equipment is presented in this paper, covering the period from 1970-1984, although a majority of the papers listed were published in the last three years.
Abstract: A bibliography of 237 publications dealing with heat transfer in electronic equipment is presented. The papers are arranged in twelve categories, and cover the period from 1970-1984, although a majority of the papers listed were published in the last three years.
17 citations
References
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TL;DR: Gordon as discussed by the authors provided a supplement to Brunt and Humphreys' classic work with a review of the most important developments in the field of meteorology since the war, including Rossby's equation for long waves, Sutcliffe's development theory, and a brief account of the basis of numerical prediction of the pressure chart.
Abstract: ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY. A. H. Gordon. English Universities Press, London. 1962. 217 pp. 25s. Until the war the masterly texts of Brunt and Humphreys dominated the teaching of meteorology in the English speaking world. One is entitled to hope that books written 20 or more years later would cover the important developments since then. Here, therefore, we find Rossby's equation for long waves, a little about thickness patterns, an exposition of Sutcliffe's development theory, and a brief account of the basis of numerical prediction of the pressure chart. As an introduction to these topics it serves as a supplement to Brunt's classic work, but the thinking has not advanced. The first two chapters lead up to the tephigram and the third deals with hydrostatic equilibrium. These chapters are scarcely connected to the rest of the book and it is surprising to see no mention of how thicknesses (which are used later) can be read off the tephigram. This could have led to an interesting discussion of the skew T-logp diagram. Potential temperature could have been used instead of density in the rest of the book and much unreal discussion (e.g. the \"homogeneous atmosphere\") could well have been omitted. When, in the succeeding chapters, he sets out to prove a result, Mr. Gordon makes all the necessary assumptions, and his text is formally correct, but he does not relate these assumptions to the real world. Each formula is proved in isolation. Thus on page 123 it is demonstrated that in approximately geostrophic flow there will be convergence in air flowing from the crest of a ridge to the bottom of a trough. Yet we find on page 127 that because the air is moving to a different latitude the opposite effect is produced, and when we come to page 181 we find that there might be convergence or divergence according to whether the trough is warmer or colder than the ridge! This is all correct, but how is the poor reader to decide what actually happens if these effects are discussed in different very isolated chapters ? Mr. Gordon relegates the best proofs of the well-known results to an appendix on the grounds that vectors are too difficult; but anyone who can really understand the results can easily cope with vectors, and the belief that vectors are difficult should be exposed, not encouraged. Instead of leaving the tedious working out of formulae in different co-ordinate systems as exercises and concentrating on the essentials, Mr. Gordon h wastes pages by reciting the equivalent of Brunt's derivations. , If these were now important perhaps it would be justified on the , grounds that this is a more elementary book; but they are not. A chapter is devoted to balanced frictional flow. The Taylor > spiral is derived at very great length and is compared with some | observations made a generation or more ago over smooth
55 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a model analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux.
Abstract: Etude analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux. Resultats experimentaux pour la temperature de la paroi en fonction de la localisation axiale du flux thermique et de l'espacement des plaques. Modele theorique du debit liquide a travers le canal et correlation de la vitesse du transfert de chaleur des parois du canal
25 citations
"Convective Immersion Cooling of Par..." refers methods in this paper
...As a result of this design and careful heater assembly, it was found possible to obtain a heat flux as high as 25 W/cm2 at the heater surface, as appropriate to boiling experiments [ 26 ]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, a model analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux.
Abstract: Etude analytique et experimentale du transfert de chaleur par ebullition dans l'eau sur une paire de plaques plates, a flux thermiques egaux. Resultats experimentaux pour la temperature de la paroi en fonction de la localisation axiale du flux thermique et de l'espacement des plaques. Modele theorique du debit liquide a travers le canal et correlation de la vitesse du transfert de chaleur des parois du canal
24 citations