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Journal ArticleDOI

Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue: an energy-yielding and, therefore, self-limiting process.

01 Mar 1970-Journal of Lipid Research (J Lipid Res)-Vol. 11, Iss: 2, pp 131-143
TL;DR: The regulatory phenomena discussed here may explain the failure of the attempts made to identify the rate-limiting step for de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue.
About: This article is published in Journal of Lipid Research.The article was published on 1970-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 117 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lipogenesis & Fatty acid synthesis.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry are reviewed in a detailed and orderly fashion and special cases, such as the occurrence of net lipid synthesis or gluconeogenesis, are formally considered with derivation of explicit stoichiometric equations.
Abstract: Indirect calorimetry is the method by which the type and rate of substrate utilization, and energy metabolism are estimated in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements. This technique provides unique information, is noninvasive, and can be advantageously combined with other experimental methods to investigate numerous aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Since its use as a research tool in metabolism is growing, the theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry are here reviewed in a detailed and orderly fashion. Special cases, such as the occurrence of net lipid synthesis or gluconeogenesis, are formally considered with derivation of explicit stoichiometric equations. The limitations of indirect calorimetry, both theoretical and technical, are discussed in the context of circumstances of clinical interest in metabolism.

1,550 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As microalgae are now considered a potential renewable feedstock, current work on the subject is examined and the possibility of rerouting metabolism toward lipid production is explored, to compare starch and lipids as carbon reserves.
Abstract: The metabolism of microalgae is so flexible that it is not an easy task to give a comprehensive description of the interplay between the various metabolic pathways. There are, however, constraints that govern central carbon metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that are revealed by the compartmentalization and regulation of the pathways and their relation to key cellular processes such as cell motility, division, carbon uptake and partitioning, external and internal rhythms, and nutrient stress. Both photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transfer provide energy for metabolic processes and how energy transfer impacts metabolism and vice versa is a means of exploring the regulation and function of these pathways. A key example is the specific chloroplast localization of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and how it impacts the redox poise and ATP budget of the plastid in the dark. To compare starch and lipids as carbon reserves, their value can be calculated in terms of NAD(P)H and ATP. As microalgae are now considered a potential renewable feedstock, we examine current work on the subject and also explore the possibility of rerouting metabolism toward lipid production.

310 citations


Cites background from "Conversion of carbohydrate to fat i..."

  • ...The question of the energy-yielding conversion of carbohydrate to fat has been addressed in a nice study comparing theoretical and measured yields in adipose tissue, where an energy loss of about 10% is similarly estimated (107)....

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  • ...It appears that upon the conversion between sugar and fat, the ATP balance is positive (107)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of ruminant animals, which has a critical role as an energy source during lactation in high milk-yielding cows, but is also implicated in the depression in the yield of milk fat found in animals fed high-concentrate diets.

295 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Long-term p.o. treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid found in subnormal plasma concentrations in women predisposed to develop breast cancer, inhibits the formation of spontaneous mammary cancer in female C3H(Avy/a) mice.
Abstract: Long-term p.o. treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid found in subnormal plasma concentrations in women predisposed to develop breast cancer, inhibits the formation of spontaneous mammary cancer in female C3H (Avy/a) mice.

230 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that rat offspring born to mothers fed the same junk food diet rich in fat, sugar and salt develop exacerbated adiposity accompanied by raised circulating glucose, insulin, triglyceride and/or cholesterol by the end of adolescence.
Abstract: We have shown previously that a maternal junk food diet during pregnancy and lactation plays a role in predisposing offspring to obesity. Here we show that rat offspring born to mothers fed the same junk food diet rich in fat, sugar and salt develop exacerbated adiposity accompanied by raised circulating glucose, insulin, triglyceride and/or cholesterol by the end of adolescence (10 weeks postpartum) compared with offspring also given free access to junk food from weaning but whose mothers were exclusively fed a balanced chow diet in pregnancy and lactation. Results also showed that offspring from mothers fed the junk food diet in pregnancy and lactation, and which were then switched to a balanced chow diet from weaning, exhibited increased perirenal fat pad mass relative to body weight and adipocyte hypertrophy compared with offspring which were never exposed to the junk food diet. This study shows that the increased adiposity was more enhanced in female than male offspring and gene expression analyses showed raised insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Glut 1, Glut 3, but not Glut 4 mRNA expression in females fed the junk food diet throughout the study compared with females never given access to junk food. Changes in gene expression were not as marked in male offspring with only IRS-1, VEGF-A, Glut 4 and LPL being up-regulated in those fed the junk food diet throughout the study compared with males never given access to junk food. This study therefore shows that a maternal junk food diet promotes adiposity in offspring and the earlier onset of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperlipidemia. Male and female offspring also display a different metabolic, cellular and molecular response to junk-food-diet-induced adiposity.

215 citations


Cites background from "Conversion of carbohydrate to fat i..."

  • ...These triglycerides either originate from the etherification of free fatty acids following hydrolysis of dietary fats by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (Mead et al. 2002) or the conversion of glucose via the pentose and malate cycles (Flatt, 1970)....

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  • ...2002) or the conversion of glucose via the pentose and malate cycles (Flatt, 1970)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, weitgehend die Entwicklung der Problematik der dynamischen Biochemie an den Fortschritt der Cytologie gebunden ist.
Abstract: Die Wechselbeziehungen innerhalb des Netzwerks von Redox-Reaktionen, das sich uber einen grosen Teil der metabolisch wesentlichen Funktionen lebender Zellen erstreckt, werden erortert. Anschliesend an die Darlegung grundsatzlicher Gegebenheiten bei der Zerlegung der Brennstoffe werden einige Gruppen von Redox-Systemen in verschiedenen Raumen der Zellen und Gewebe in ihren Beziehungen zur Biosynthese, zur Bioenergetik und zur Zellatmung behandelt. Neuere Ergebnisse aus dem Arbeitskreis der Verfasser stehen dabei im Vordergrund. Die Beispiele zeigen, wie weitgehend die Entwicklung der Problematik der dynamischen Biochemie an den Fortschritt der Cytologie gebunden ist.

593 citations