Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence for Internet of Vehicles
TL;DR: A system model is proposed for cooperative centralized and distributed spectrum sensing in vehicular networks to minimize both the spectral scarcity and high mobility issues and the results show that the cooperative cognitive model is more suitable for Vehicular networks that minimize interference and hidden PU problem.
Abstract: To resolve the contradictions between the increasing demand of vehicular wireless applications and the shortage of spectrum resources, high mobility, short link lifetime, and spectrum efficiency, a novel cognitive radio (CR) and efficient management of spectrum in vehicular communication is required. Therefore, to exhibit the importance of spectral efficiency, a system model is proposed for cooperative centralized and distributed spectrum sensing in vehicular networks. The proposed architecture is used to minimize both the spectral scarcity and high mobility issues. Furthermore, we analyze the decision fusion techniques in cooperative spectrum sensing for vehicular networks. In addition, a system model is designed for decision fusion techniques using renewal theory, and then, we analyze the probability of detection of primary channel and the average waiting time for CR user or secondary user in PU transmitter. Finally, mathematical analysis is performed to check the probability of detection and false alarm. The results show that the cooperative cognitive model is more suitable for vehicular networks that minimize interference and hidden PU problem.
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TL;DR: This paper has established an IoT-based Smart City by using Big Data analytics while harvesting real-time data from the city by using existing smart systems and IoT devices as city data sources to develop the Smart Digital City.
260Â citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of CR technology is conducted and the key enabling technologies that may be closely related to the study of 5G in the near future are presented in terms of full-duplex spectrum sensing, spectrum-database based Spectrum sensing, auction based spectrum allocation, carrier aggregation based spectrum access.
Abstract: With the development of wireless communication technology, the need for bandwidth is increasing continuously, and the growing need makes wireless spectrum resources more and more scarce. Cognitive radio (CR) has been identified as a promising solution for the spectrum scarcity, and its core idea is the dynamic spectrum access. It can dynamically utilize the idle spectrum without affecting the rights of primary users, so that multiple services or users can share a part of the spectrum, thus achieving the goal of avoiding the high cost of spectrum resetting and improving the utilization of spectrum resources. In order to meet the critical requirements of the fifth generation (5G) mobile network, especially the Wider-Coverage , Massive-Capacity , Massive-Connectivity , and Low-Latency four application scenarios, the spectrum range used in 5G will be further expanded into the full spectrum era, possibly from 1 GHz to 100 GHz. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive survey of CR technology and focus on the current significant research progress in the full spectrum sharing towards the four scenarios. In addition, the key enabling technologies that may be closely related to the study of 5G in the near future are presented in terms of full-duplex spectrum sensing, spectrum-database based spectrum sensing, auction based spectrum allocation, carrier aggregation based spectrum access. Subsequently, other issues that play a positive role for the development research and practical application of CR, such as common control channel, energy harvesting, non-orthogonal multiple access, and CR based aeronautical communication are discussed. The comprehensive overview provided by this survey is expected to help researchers develop CR technology in the field of 5G further.
249Â citations
Cites methods from "Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..."
...To solve this problem, [70] proposed a cooperative centralized and distributed spectrum sensing algorithm based on the renewal theory....
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TL;DR: A comparative analysis of existing simulation tools categorized based on the scope of coverage of the IoT architecture layers is presented, and existing large-scale IoT testbeds that have been adopted by researchers for examining the physical IoT prototypes are compared.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) vision is increasingly being realized to facilitate convenient and efficient human living. To conduct effective IoT research using the most appropriate tools and techniques, we discuss recent research trends in the IoT area along with current challenges faced by the IoT research community. Several existing and emerging IoT research areas such as lightweight energy-efficient protocol development, object cognition and intelligence, as well as the critical need for robust security and privacy mechanisms will continue to be significant fields of research for IoT. IoT research can be a challenging process spanning both virtual and physical domains through the use of simulators and testbeds to develop and validate the initial proof-of-concepts and subsequent prototypes. To support researchers in planning IoT research activities, we present a comparative analysis of existing simulation tools categorized based on the scope of coverage of the IoT architecture layers. We compare existing large-scale IoT testbeds that have been adopted by researchers for examining the physical IoT prototypes. Finally, we discuss several open challenges of current IoT simulators and testbeds that need to be addressed by the IoT research community to conduct large-scale, robust and effective IoT simulation, and prototype evaluations.
199Â citations
Cites methods from "Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..."
...For example, cognitive intelligence has already been applied to applications for cooperative spectrum sensing in the Internet of Vehicles to improve primary channel availability [11]....
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TL;DR: A wireless sensor network using multiple sensors for early detection of house fires that is able to detect early fire, even when a sensor is not working, while keeping the energy consumption of the sensors at an acceptable level is designed.
Abstract: Fires usually occur in homes because of carelessness and changes in environmental conditions. They cause threats to the residential community and may result in human death and property damage. Consequently, house fires must be detected early to prevent these types of threats. The immediate notification of a fire is the most critical issue in domestic fire detection systems. Fire detection systems using wireless sensor networks sometimes do not detect a fire as a consequence of sensor failure. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny, cheap, and low-power sensor devices that have the ability to sense the environment and can provide real-time fire detection with high accuracy. In this paper, we designed and evaluated a wireless sensor network using multiple sensors for early detection of house fires. In addition, we used the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to avoid false alarms. To test the results of our fire detection system, we simulated a fire in a smart home using the Fire Dynamics Simulator and a language program. The simulation results showed that our system is able to detect early fire, even when a sensor is not working, while keeping the energy consumption of the sensors at an acceptable level.
143Â citations
TL;DR: A deep ${Q}$ -learning approach is adopted for designing an optimal data transmission scheduling scheme in cognitive vehicular networks to minimize transmission costs while also fully utilizing various communication modes and resources.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) platform has played a significant role in improving road transport safety and efficiency by ubiquitously connecting intelligent vehicles through wireless communications. Such an IoT paradigm however, brings in considerable strain on limited spectrum resources due to the need of continuous communication and monitoring. Cognitive radio (CR) is a potential approach to alleviate the spectrum scarcity problem through opportunistic exploitation of the underutilized spectrum. However, highly dynamic topology and time-varying spectrum states in CR-based vehicular networks introduce quite a few challenges to be addressed. Moreover, a variety of vehicular communication modes, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle, as well as data QoS requirements pose critical issues on efficient transmission scheduling. Based on this motivation, in this paper, we adopt a deep ${Q}$ -learning approach for designing an optimal data transmission scheduling scheme in cognitive vehicular networks to minimize transmission costs while also fully utilizing various communication modes and resources. Furthermore, we investigate the characteristics of communication modes and spectrum resources chosen by vehicles in different network states, and propose an efficient learning algorithm for obtaining the optimal scheduling strategies. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheduling schemes.
127Â citations
Cites background from "Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..."
...[12] investigated decision fusion techniques of spectrum sensing in cognitive vehicular communications....
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References
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TL;DR: The state-of-the-art survey of cooperative sensing is provided to address the issues of cooperation method, cooperative gain, and cooperation overhead.
1,800Â citations
"Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..." refers background in this paper
...The state-of-the-art survey of cooperative sensing is provided to address the issues of cooperation method, cooperative gain, and cooperation overhead [3], [36]....
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TL;DR: Recent advances in research related to cognitive radios are surveyed, including the fundamentals of cognitive radio technology, architecture of a cognitive radio network and its applications, and important issues in dynamic spectrum allocation and sharing are investigated in detail.
Abstract: With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the fixed spectrum assignment policy becomes a bottleneck for more efficient spectrum utilization, under which a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum resources urges the spectrum regulatory bodies to review their policy and start to seek for innovative communication technology that can exploit the wireless spectrum in a more intelligent and flexible way. The concept of cognitive radio is proposed to address the issue of spectrum efficiency and has been receiving an increasing attention in recent years, since it equips wireless users the capability to optimally adapt their operating parameters according to the interactions with the surrounding radio environment. There have been many significant developments in the past few years on cognitive radios. This paper surveys recent advances in research related to cognitive radios. The fundamentals of cognitive radio technology, architecture of a cognitive radio network and its applications are first introduced. The existing works in spectrum sensing are reviewed, and important issues in dynamic spectrum allocation and sharing are investigated in detail.
1,329Â citations
"Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..." refers background in this paper
...The primary objectives of the CR are highly reliable communication whenever and wherever needed for efficient utilization of the radio resources [2], [22], [23]....
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28 Apr 2009
TL;DR: The use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting primary users and a cognitive space-time-frequency coding technique that can opportunistically adjust its coding structure by adapting itself to the dynamic spectrum environment are considered.
Abstract: Cognitive radio is an exciting emerging technology that has the potential of dealing with the stringent requirement and scarcity of the radio spectrum. Such revolutionary and transforming technology represents a paradigm shift in the design of wireless systems, as it will allow the agile and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum by offering distributed terminals or radio cells the ability of radio sensing, self-adaptation, and dynamic spectrum sharing. Cooperative communications and networking is another new communication technology paradigm that allows distributed terminals in a wireless network to collaborate through some distributed transmission or signal processing so as to realize a new form of space diversity to combat the detrimental effects of fading channels. In this paper, we consider the application of these technologies to spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. One of the most important challenges for cognitive radio systems is to identify the presence of primary (licensed) users over a wide range of spectrum at a particular time and specific geographic location. We consider the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting primary users. We shall describe spectrum sensing for cognitive radios and propose robust cooperative spectrum sensing techniques for a practical framework employing cognitive radios. We also investigate cooperative communications for spectrum sharing in a cognitive wireless relay network. To exploit the maximum spectrum opportunities, we present a cognitive space-time-frequency coding technique that can opportunistically adjust its coding structure by adapting itself to the dynamic spectrum environment.
1,176Â citations
"Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..." refers background in this paper
...spectrum access methods that assure the availability of the required quality of service [34]....
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TL;DR: An overview of the regulatory requirements and major challenges associated with the practical implementation of spectrum sensing functionality in cognitive radio systems is provided and different design trade-offs that have to be made in order to enhance various aspects of the system's performance are outlined.
Abstract: Opportunistic unlicensed access to the (temporarily) unused frequency bands across the licensed radio spectrum is currently being investigated as a means to increase the efficiency of spectrum usage. Such opportunistic access calls for implementation of safeguards so that ongoing licensed operations are not compromised. Among different candidates, sensing-based access, where the unlicensed users transmit if they sense the licensed band to be free, is particularly appealing due to its low deployment cost and its compatibility with the legacy licensed systems. The ability to reliably and autonomously identify unused frequency bands is envisaged as one of the main functionalities of cognitive radios. In this article we provide an overview of the regulatory requirements and major challenges associated with the practical implementation of spectrum sensing functionality in cognitive radio systems. Furthermore, we outline different design trade-offs that have to be made in order to enhance various aspects of the system's performance.
1,036Â citations
"Cooperative Cognitive Intelligence ..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, CR could be the possible solution for spectral congestion issue [12]....
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TL;DR: A taxonomy for vehicular cloud is presented in which special attention has been devoted to the extensive applications, cloud formations, key management, inter cloud communication systems, and broad aspects of privacy and security issues, which found that VCC is a technologically feasible and economically viable technological shifting paradigm for converging intelligent vehicular networks towards autonomous traffic, vehicle control and perception systems.
711Â citations