Coordination between transmission and distribution system operators in the electricity sector: A conceptual framework
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present five coordination schemes to enhance interaction between system operators to guarantee a safe, reliable, and cost-efficient use of flexibility-based services in the distribution grid.
About: This article is published in Utilities Policy.The article was published on 2017-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 224 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Operator (computer programming) & Flexibility (engineering).
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TL;DR: This paper reviews local flexibility markets, which are currently being discussed and designed to provide trading platforms for local participants, including distribution system operators and aggregators, and summarizes the key elements, technologies and participants.
178 citations
Cites background from "Coordination between transmission a..."
...[53] Gerard H, Rivero Puente EI, Six D....
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TL;DR: This paper presents a review and classification of the services potentially available from EVs for distribution systems, referred to as EV distribution system services (EV-DSS), and provides a broad literature framework that can be used as a base for further investigations.
Abstract: Trend-setting countries have promoted or even employed an increased number of electric vehicles (EVs) and other distributed energy resources (DERs) in their power systems. This development has triggered new and increasing challenges in the distribution system planning and operation, whereby the distribution systems must adapt to the increased share of DERs. However, EVs may also offer new opportunities and can be used to support the grid by providing several local and global power- and energy-based services. This paper presents a review and classification of the services potentially available from EVs for distribution systems, referred to as EV distribution system services (EV-DSS). A detailed description of recent services and approaches is given, and an assessment of the maturity of EV-DSS is provided. Moreover, challenges and prospects for future research are identified, considering key topics, such as the design of the market framework, economic assessment, battery degradation, and the impacts of the transmission system operator service provision by EVs on distribution networks. Thus, this paper offers a tool for stakeholders concerning services available from EVs and provides a broad literature framework that can be used as a base for further investigations. It is aligned with the current requirements to move toward the realistic implementations of EV-DSS.
121 citations
Cites background from "Coordination between transmission a..."
...However, considering that the EVs are mainly connected to the distribution network, ancillary services provision for TSOs may affect the distribution grid to which EVs are connected; that automatically results in a conflict of interest between DSOs and TSOs [141], [142]....
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TL;DR: This paper identifies three core TSO-DSO coordination models from the many proposed in the literature, discussing the corresponding advantages, disadvantages and challenges and a mapping of the proposed solution techniques is carried out to identify research trends and gaps.
104 citations
TL;DR: The findings show that the issues are rather similar both at transmission and distribution level; however, the need for cooperation and the solutions will depend on where structural congestion will occur and which borders will be managed.
100 citations
TL;DR: Three coordination schemes for analyzing DSO-TSO interactions are formulated in a game-theoretic framework and it is determined that the decentralized coordination schemes are more profitable for the TSO and that rational expectations from the DSOs gives rise to a last-mover advantage for theTSO.
89 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets is presented, in a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium and low-voltage levels.
Abstract: In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets.
282 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets is presented, in a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium and low-voltage levels.
Abstract: In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets.
252 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide insights on how regulation should be adjusted so that DSOs are incentivized to facilitate the market entry of welfare-enhancing technologies in a timely fashion, and to manage the distribution system efficiently in the presence of distributed energy resources.
245 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a market-oriented approach termed as "contract for deferral scheme" (CDS), which outlines how an economically efficient portfolio of distributed generation, storage, demand response and energy efficiency can be integrated as network resources to reduce the need for grid capacity and defer demand driven network investments.
187 citations
TL;DR: The numerical results show that the hierarchical coordination using the generalized bid function converges to very close results compared with the results of centralized dispatch.
123 citations