Correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates: Ecological and size variables
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...Contests are also common among terrestrial primates, which exhibit greater body and canine size sexual dimorphism than arboreal and arboreal/terrestrial species (CluttonBrock et al., 1977; Leutenegger & Cheverud, 1982; Plavcan & van Schaik, 1997)....
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...Using principles of quantitative genetic theory ( Falconer, 1960; Lande, 1980), it can be shown that when selection is equally intense in both sexes, the change in sexual dimorphism per generation (Rso) wilI equal the difference between male and female responses to selection,...
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...This is in accordance with the hypothesis that energetic constraints-which presumably limit the increase in male size (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977)-may be more restricting in some dietary groups than in others (Leutenegger and Kelly, 1977)....
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...In order to account more fully for the variance, additional variables, primarily ecological factors, such as habitat, diet, distribution and abundance of food resources, predator defense or avoidance, and positional behavior, have been invoked (Crook and Gartlan, 1966; Crook, 1972; Eisenberg et al., 1972; Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977; 1978; Clutton-Brock et al., 1977; Leutenegger and Kelly, 1977; Rails, 1977; Leutenegger, 1978, 1982; Alexander et al., 1979)....
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...This dichotomous classification of mating system is used instead of an interval-scale measure, such as socionomic sex ratio (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977), because intervallevel measures are often difficult to measure accurately due to their wide variability within species and because of their often uncertain relationship to the intensity of intermale competition....
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...Factors of evolutionary heritage, in the sense of "phylogenetic legacy" (Raup, 1972) or "phylogenetic inertia" (Wilson, 1975), may also affect sexual dimorphism (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977; HarveY et al., 1978a)....
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...Among primates, for example, although dimorphism has been shown to be positively related to breeding sex ratio, a major portion of the variance remains unexplained (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977)....
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