Correlation of Bacterial Lipid Composition with Antibiotic Resistance
01 Mar 1970-Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 101, Iss: 3, pp 892-900
TL;DR: As significant alterations of fatty acid composition were noted in gram-negative strains resistant to antibiotics, it is suggested that resistance is correlated to membrane or envelope lipid composition.
Abstract: The correlation of bacterial lipid composition with antibiotic resistance was investigated with particular emphasis on those organisms in which resistance may be related to membrane or envelope structure or function, as in resistance to tetracyclines and polymyxin. Chloroform-methanol-extractable lipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions, and both fatty acids of these lipid fractions and total fatty acids were studied by using thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy. Consistent quantitative differences were found between the fatty acid compositions of sensitive and resistant strains. Most notable was the fact that, in gram-negative organisms, resistant strains showed decreases in cyclopropane acids as compared with sensitive strains. These changes were found to be inherent in the strains and not due to growth stage or culture age. No significant qualitative differences were noted. In contrast, no such variation in fatty acid content was observed in penicillin-sensitive and resistant strains of gram-positive cocci. As significant alterations of fatty acid composition were noted in gram-negative strains resistant to antibiotics, we suggest that resistance is correlated to membrane or envelope lipid composition.
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TL;DR: This review covers the types of lipids found in bacteria and actinomycetes, especially those reported in the recent literature, including fatty acids; glycerides; phospholipids; glycolipid; and amino acid-containing lipids; and discusses their potential in taxonomy.
Abstract: Written from a taxonomist's point of view and aimed primarily at other taxonomists, this review covers the types of lipids found in bacteria and actinomycetes, especially those reported in the recent literature, including fatty acids; glycerides; phospholipids; glycolipids; and amino acid-containing lipids including peptidolipids, peptidoglycolipids, sulfolipids, hydrocarbons, and waxes, and discusses their potential in taxonomy. Included are a survey of the recent findings on the stability of bacterial lipid patterns in terms of the effect of medium constituents and physical parameters of growth, age, and other factors and a short section on preferred methods of extraction, purification, and analysis.
391 citations
TL;DR: The cell envelopes of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive isogenic strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analyzed to determine whether acquisition of genetic loci for altered antibiotic sensitivity was accompanied by alterations in cell envelope composition as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The cell envelopes of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive isogenic strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analyzed to determine whether acquisition of genetic loci for altered antibiotic sensitivity was accompanied by alterations in cell envelope composition. No differences in the composition of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were noted. Acquisition of mtr-2, which results in low-level, nonspecific increased resistance to multiple antibiotics, dyes, and detergents, was accompanied by a sevenfold increase in the amount of a minor, 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and a 32% increase in the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Subsequent addition of the nonspecific hypersensitivity loci env-1 or env-2 to a strain carrying mtr-2 resulted in reversal of the phenotypic resistance determined by mtr-2 and marked reduction in both the amount of the 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Introduction of penB2, which results in a fourfold increase in resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, was accompanied by the disappearance of the principal outer membrane protein of the wild-type strain (molecular weight, 36,900) and the appearance of a new species of the principal outer membrane protein (molecular weight, 39,400) in the transformant. Images
99 citations
TL;DR: It appears that polymyxin resistance in these strains is associated with the alteration of the outer membrane through a loss of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins.
Abstract: The lipid composition of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to polymyxin was compared with the lipid composition of cells of polymyxin-sensitive strains as to their content of readily extractable lipids (RELs), acid-extractable lipids, the fatty acid composition of RELs, and the contents of various phospholipids in the REL fraction. The polymyxin-resistant strains had an increased content of RELs, but a decreased phospholipid content. The REL fraction from the polymyxin-resistant strains had an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids accompanied by a decreased content of cyclopropane fatty acids as compared with the fatty acid composition of RELs from polymyxin-sensitive strains. The phosphatidylethanolamine content was greatly reduced in the polymyxin-resistant strains, whereas the content of an unidentified lipid, thought to be a neutral lipid lacking either a phosphate, free amino, or choline moiety, was greatly increased. Cell envelopes of the polymyxin-resistant strains contained reduced concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ as compared with the cell envelopes of polymyxin-sensitive strains. It appears that polymyxin resistance in these strains is associated with a significant alteration in the lipid composition and divalent cation content of the cell envelope.
86 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: The theoretical backgrounds of these (in vitro and in silico) approaches are presented, followed by a discussion of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs that are related to their interactions with membranes.
58 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a simplified version of the method and reported the results of a study of its application to different tissues, including the efficiency of the washing procedure in terms of the removal from tissue lipides of some non-lipide substances of special biochemical interest.
59,550 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of research work in physics, physical sciences, and physical chemistry, focusing on physics, chemistry, physics, and biology. But they do not discuss their work in this paper.
Abstract: This book should be of interest to senior undergraduates, postgraduates and research workers in physics, physical sciences, physical chemistry.
8,754 citations
TL;DR: Certain biochemical properties of auxotrophicl mutants of Escherichia coli with specific growth requirements for most of the known water-soluble vitamins, as well as of others responding to methionine but not to B,2 are described.
Abstract: The penicillin method (Davis, 1948; Lederberg and Zinder, 1948) has permitted convenient isolation of auxotrophicl mutants of Escherichia coli with specific growth requirements for most of the known water-soluble vitamins, as well as amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines. Accordingly, when crystalline vitamin B12 became available, a search was made for mutants requiring this nutrilite. Several strains of the desired type were promptly recovered. In all cases methionine, but not homocysteine, could be substituted for the vitamin. This paper describes certain biochemical properties of these mutants, as well as of others responding to methionine but not to B,2.
2,828 citations
TL;DR: A chemical reagent spray specific for phosphate esters, based on molybdenum blue, gives an instantaneous, specific reaction with phospholipids on silica gel or alumina thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates.
2,085 citations