Corrigendum: Sound Packing DNA: packing open circular DNA with low-intensity ultrasound
TL;DR: Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 984610; published online: April202015; updated: October052015
Abstract: Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 984610.1038/srep09846; published online: April202015; updated: October052015
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TL;DR: A new worldwide phylogenetic classification of 11 506 grass species in 768 genera, 12 subfamilies, seven supert tribes, 52 tribes, five supersubtribes, and 90 subtribes is presented and a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfam families is included.
Abstract: We present a new worldwide phylogenetic classification of 11506 grass species in 768 genera, 12 subfamilies, seven supertribes, 52 tribes, five supersubtribes, and 90 subtribes; and compare two phylogenetic classifications of the grass family published in 2015 (Soreng et al. and Kellogg). The subfamilies (in descending order based on the number of species) are Pooideae with 3968 species in 202 genera, 15 tribes, and 30 subtribes; Panicoideae with 3241 species in 247 genera, 13 tribes, and 19 subtribes; Bambusoideae with 1670 species in 125 genera, three tribes, and 15 subtribes; Chloridoideae with 1602 species in 124 genera, five tribes, and 26 subtribes; Aristidoideae with 367 species in three genera, and one tribe; Danthonioideae with 292 species in 19 genera, and one tribe; Micrairoideae with 184 species in eight genera, and three tribes; Oryzoideae with 115 species in 19 genera, four tribes, and two subtribes; Arundinoideae with 40 species in 14 genera, two tribes, and two subtribes; Pharoideae with 12 species in three genera, and one tribe; Puelioideae with 11 species in two genera, and two tribes; and the Anomochlooideae with four species in two genera, and two tribes. We also include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Newly described taxa include: supertribes Melicodae and Nardodae; supersubtribes Agrostidodinae, Boutelouodinae, Gouiniodinae, Loliodinae, and Poodinae; and subtribes Echinopogoninae and Ventenatinae.
332 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review examines the past and current situation of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanocellulose (NFC) in relation to its processing and applications relating to papermaking.
Abstract: As an emerging cellulosic nanomaterial, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) have shown enormous potential in the forest products industry. The forest products industry and academia are working together to realise the possibilities of commercializing MFC and NFC. However, there are still needs to improve the processing, characterisation and material properties of nanocellulose in order to realise its full potential. The annual number of research publications and patents on nanocellulose with respect to manufacturing, properties and applications is now up in the thousands, so it is of the utmost importance to review articles that endeavour to research on this explosive topic of cellulose nanomaterials. This review examines the past and current situation of wood-based MFC and NFC in relation to its processing and applications relating to papermaking.
314 citations
TL;DR: Characteristics of atmospheric PAHs vary with meteorological conditions and emission sources, while characteristics ofPAHs emission depend on burned material and combustion condition.
269 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of metal mesh-based transparent conductors and their applications in organic optoelectronic devices, including organic and perovskite solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices etc.
Abstract: Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have played a pivotal role in driving the continuous development of optoelectronics technologies, which include organic optoelectronic applications. In recent years, there has been huge interest in designing innovative TCEs to replace the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, which suffer from complex fabrication issues and are incompatible with flexible, wearable electronic devices. In this regard, TCEs based on metal meshes are considered to be the best candidates because of their inherently high electrical conductivity, optical transparency, mechanical robustness and, more importantly, cost-competitiveness. In this review, we describe the technology developments of metal mesh-based transparent conductors and their applications in organic optoelectronic devices, including organic and perovskite solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices etc. Specifically, we discuss the fundamental features, optoelectronic properties, fabrication techniques and device applications of metal mesh TCEs. We also highlight the important criteria for evaluating the performance of metal mesh electrodes and propose some new research directions in this emerging field.
197 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed four groups of bifunctional catalysts used in primary/secondary Zn-air batteries and discussed the design and architecture of the air-electrode for future development of ZABs.
Abstract: Rechargeable metal–air batteries have recently attracted significant attention because of their high theoretical energy output and low cost. Among metal–air batteries, Zn–air batteries (ZABs) have garnered renewed interest as one of the most viable future options to power energy grids and electric vehicles. However, the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics represent a limiting factor for the energy conversion efficiency of state-of-the-art ZABs. The focus of this review is the latest advances related to the development of non-precious metal catalysts. Four groups of bifunctional catalysts used in primary/secondary ZABs are reviewed. These include transition metal oxides (single/mixed-metal oxides, spinels and perovskites), transition metals, carbon-based materials and precious metals/alloys. ZAB electrochemistry and challenges originating from individual components of the system, such as the Zn electrodes, electrolytes and separators, are also outlined. In addition, the design and architecture of the air-electrode are discussed for future development of ZABs.
173 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper identifies some promising techniques for image retrieval according to standard principles and examines implementation procedures for each technique and discusses its advantages and disadvantages.
1,910 citations
TL;DR: The ability to safely and efficiently transfer foreign DNA into cells is a fundamental goal in biotechnology and rapid advances have recently been made in understanding of mechanisms for DNA stability and transport within cells.
Abstract: The ability to safely and efficiently transfer foreign DNA into cells is a fundamental goal in biotechnology. Toward this end, rapid advances have recently been made in our understanding of mechanisms for DNA stability and transport within cells. Current synthetic DNA delivery systems are versatile and safe, but substantially less efficient than viruses. Indeed, most current systems address only one of the obstacles to DNA delivery by enhancing DNA uptake. In fact, the effectiveness of gene expression is also dependent on several additional factors, including the release of intracellular DNA, stability of DNA in the cytoplasm, unpackaging of the DNA-vector complex, and the targeting of DNA to the nucleus. Delivery systems of the future must fully accommodate all these processes to effectively shepherd DNA across the plasma membrane, through the hostile intracellular environment, and into the nucleus.
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TL;DR: It is revealed that there is currently insufficient biophysical evidence to provide a scientific foundation for the clinical use of therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of people with pain and soft tissue injury.
Abstract: Almost 2 decades ago, it was pointed out that physical therapists tended to overlook the tenuous nature of the scientific basis for the use of therapeutic ultrasound. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature regarding the biophysical effects of therapeutic ultrasound to determine whether these effects may be considered sufficient to provide a reason (biological rationale) for the use of insonation for the treatment of people with pain and soft tissue injury. This review does not discuss articles that examined the clinical usefulness of ultrasound (see article by Robertson and Baker titled “A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Effectiveness Studies” in this issue). The frequently described biophysical effects of ultrasound either do not occur in vivo under therapeutic conditions or have not been proven to have a clinical effect under these conditions. This review reveals that there is currently insufficient biophysical evidence to provide a scientific foundation for the clinical use of therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of people with pain and soft tissue injury.
540 citations
TL;DR: The basic physics of ultrasound generation, acoustic field, and both inertial and non-inertial acoustic cavitation in the context of localized gene and drug delivery as well as non-linear oscillation of an encapsulated microbubble and its associated microstreaming and radiation force generated by ultrasound are reviewed.
459 citations
TL;DR: The AFM data show that at low ionic strength, DNA molecules are loosely interwound supercoils with an irregular shape and that overall geometry of supercoiled DNA depends dramatically on ionic conditions.
Abstract: Tertiary structure of supercoiled DNA is a significant factor in a number of genetic functions and is apparently affected by environmental conditions. We applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) for imaging the supercoiled DNA deposited at different ionic conditions. We have employed a technique for the sample preparation that permits high-resolution AFM imaging of DNA bound to the surface in buffer solutions without drying the sample (AFM in situ). The AFM data show that at low ionic strength, DNA molecules are loosely interwound supercoils with an irregular shape. Plectonemic superhelices are formed in high-concentration, near-physiological salt solutions. At such ionic conditions, superhelical loops are typically separated by regions of close helix–helix contacts. The data obtained show directly and unambiguously that overall geometry of supercoiled DNA depends dramatically on ionic conditions. This fact and the formation of close contacts between DNA helices are important features of supercoiled DNA related to its biological functions.
381 citations