Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport
Citations
133 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cortisol release and heart rate var..."
...Peak cortisol concentrations in response to transport were 3- to 4-fold higher (Schmidt et al., 2010a; Schmidt et al., 2010b) than in response to equestrian training in the current study....
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...Samples were collected as described (Schmidt et al. 2010a) with cotton swabs (Salivette, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht-Rommelsdorf, Germany) grasped by use of arterial forceps and placed loosely onto the tongue of the horse for at least 1 min until the swab was well soaked with saliva....
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...While in most studies, cortisol concentrations were determined in plasma, recently techniques to analyse cortisol in equine saliva have been established, avoiding the need of repeated venipuncture (Schmidt et al., 2010a, Schmidt et al., 2010b)....
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...…2000), equestrian competitions (Dybdal et al., 1980; Lange et al., 1997; Cayado et al., 2006), transport (Baucus et al., 1990; Clark et al., 1993; Schmidt et al., 2010a; Schmidt et al., 2010b), veterinary examinations (Berghold et al., 2007) and exposure to a new group (Alexander and Irvine,…...
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...Because cortisol concentrations decline rapidly after any transient cortisol release and initial increase (Schmidt et al. 2010a), the sampling regime does not allow us to link cortisol release with specific steps of individual training units such as mounting the horse....
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120 citations
Cites background from "Cortisol release and heart rate var..."
...In horses, stress has already been assessed by salivary cortisol concentration during isolation (Harewood and McGowan 2005), weaning (Moons et al. 2005), transport (Schmidt et al. 2010a,b) or during new manipulations (Jongman et al. 2005)....
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...This means that catheter placement should not involve as high a stress to horses as transport (Fazio et al. 2008; Schmidt et al. 2010b) or competition (Cayado et al. 2006)....
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119 citations
Cites methods from "Cortisol release and heart rate var..."
...Schmidt et al. (2010) recently 410 also established use of HR and salivary cortisol together as sensitive parameters to 411 detect stress in ‘routine’ transport procedures for horses....
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110 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Cortisol release and heart rate var..."
...As cortisone is present in large mounts in the saliva of horses [5,6], the values meaured have to be interpreted as cortisol immunoreactivty (IR)....
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...As expected, results confirm that transport elicits a tress response in horses [3,5,6,9,24,25]....
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...ransport was performed as described [6]....
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...Cortisol concentrations in saliva reflect cute changes in cortisol release [6,19], whereas cortisol etabolites in feces owing to intestinal passage time [20] ncrease only 24 h after an increase in the blood and ainly reflect prolonged stressful situations [21]....
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...In agreement with results from previous stud- t es [5,6], this response was delayed for approximately 4 h, reflecting intestinal passage time in the horse [20]....
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100 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cortisol release and heart rate var..."
...This response decreases with repeated exposure to the same challenge (Schmidt et al., 2010a,b,c)....
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...HR in the horses during the performance and rehearsal reached approximately 100 beats/min, which is similar to horses in equestrian competitions (Becker-Birck et al., in press-a) but less than in young horses mounted for the first time by a rider (Schmidt et al., 2010a)....
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...In the horses, saliva was collected as described by Schmidt et al. (2010c) with cotton rolls (Salivette, Sarstedt) placed loosely onto the tongue of the horse for 1 min with the help of a surgical arterial clamp until the swab was well soaked....
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...Whereas information exists on the cardiovascular and endocrine response of horses to equestrian training (Dybdal et al., 1980; Cayado et al., 2006; Schmidt et al., 2010a; Becker-Birck et al., in press-a, in press-b), less is known about the response of the rider (Westerling, 1983; Trowbridge et…...
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...Horses respond with an increase in heart rate to novel stimuli (Christensen et al., 2006) or situations such as transport (Schmidt et al., 2010b,c), or when mounted for the first time by a rider (Schmidt et al., 2010a)....
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References
1,023 citations
"Cortisol release and heart rate var..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, plasma cortisol is mainly bound to carrier proteins, while salivary cortisol mirrors unbound, i.e. free cortisol (Riad-Fahmy et al., 1983; Kirschbaum, 2000; Möstl and Palme, 2002)....
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989 citations
"Cortisol release and heart rate var..." refers methods in this paper
...The Kubios HRV programme uses a detrending procedure based on smoothness priors approach (Tarvainen et al., 2002; Tarvainen and Niskanen, 2008)....
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766 citations
"Cortisol release and heart rate var..." refers background in this paper
...Geometric analysis of heart rate changes also showed significant changes for SD2 (standard deviation 2), representing long-term changes in HRV that are predominantly caused by changes in sympathetic regulation (Von Borell et al., 2007)....
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...Ideally, HRV recordings are made with the animal quietly standing (Rietmann et al. 2004, Von Borell et al., 2007)....
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...…in the values of the HRV variables standarddeviation of beat-to-beat (RR) interval (SDRR) and rootmean square of successive RR differences (RMSSD) reflect a shift towards more sympathetic dominance, while increased values indicate a shift towards parasympathetic dominance (Von Borell et al., 2007)....
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...In general, decreases in the values of the HRV variables standarddeviation of beat-to-beat (RR) interval (SDRR) and rootmean square of successive RR differences (RMSSD) reflect a shift towards more sympathetic dominance, while increased values indicate a shift towards parasympathetic dominance (Von Borell et al., 2007)....
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...An increase in heart rate indicates increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic (vagal) activity or a combination of both (Von Borell et al., 2007)....
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668 citations