Cosmic Star-Formation History
Piero Madau,Mark Dickinson +1 more
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In this article, the authors review the range of complementary techniques and theoretical tools that allow astronomers to map the cosmic history of star formation, heavy element production, and reionization of the Universe from the cosmic "dark ages" to the present epoch.Abstract:
Over the past two decades, an avalanche of data from multiwavelength imaging and spectroscopic surveys has revolutionized our view of galaxy formation and evolution. Here we review the range of complementary techniques and theoretical tools that allow astronomers to map the cosmic history of star formation, heavy element production, and reionization of the Universe from the cosmic "dark ages" to the present epoch. A consistent picture is emerging, whereby the star-formation rate density peaked approximately 3.5 Gyr after the Big Bang, at z~1.9, and declined exponentially at later times, with an e-folding timescale of 3.9 Gyr. Half of the stellar mass observed today was formed before a redshift z = 1.3. About 25% formed before the peak of the cosmic star-formation rate density, and another 25% formed after z = 0.7. Less than ~1% of today's stars formed during the epoch of reionization. Under the assumption of a universal initial mass function, the global stellar mass density inferred at any epoch matches reasonably well the time integral of all the preceding star-formation activity. The comoving rates of star formation and central black hole accretion follow a similar rise and fall, offering evidence for co-evolution of black holes and their host galaxies. The rise of the mean metallicity of the Universe to about 0.001 solar by z = 6, one Gyr after the Big Bang, appears to have been accompanied by the production of fewer than ten hydrogen Lyman-continuum photons per baryon, a rather tight budget for cosmological reionization.read more
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The Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
Timothy M. Heckman,Philip Best +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a picture in which the population of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be divided into two distinct populations: radiative-mode AGNs are associated with black holes that produce radiant energy powered by accretion at rates in excess of ∼ 1% of the Eddington limit.
Journal ArticleDOI
The first gravitational-wave source from the isolated evolution of two stars in the 40–100 solar mass range
TL;DR: High-precision numerical simulations of the formation of binary black holes via the evolution of isolated binary stars are reported, providing a framework within which to interpret the first gravitational-wave source, GW150914, and to predict the properties of subsequent binary-black-hole gravitational- wave events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
Rachel S. Somerville,Romeel Davé +1 more
TL;DR: The current status of models that employ two leading techniques to simulate the physics of galaxy formation: semianalytic models and numerical hydrodynamic simulations is reviewed in this paper, where the authors focus on a set of observational targets that describe the evolution of the global and structural properties of galaxies from roughly cosmic high noon (z ∼ 2 − 3) to the present.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cosmic Reionization and Early Star-forming Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of new Constraints From Planck and the Hubble Space Telescope
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss new constraints on the epoch of cosmic reionization and test the assumption that most of the ionizing photons responsible arose from high-redshift star-forming galaxies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Astrophysical implications of the binary black hole merger gw150914
B. P. Abbott,Richard J. Abbott,T. D. Abbott,Matthew Abernathy,Fausto Acernese,Kendall Ackley,C. Adams,Todd Adams,Paolo Addesso,Rana X. Adhikari,V. B. Adya,C. Affeldt,M. Agathos,Kazuhiro Agatsuma,Nancy Aggarwal,Odylio D. Aguiar,Lloyd Paul Aiello,A. Ain,P. Ajith,Benjamin William Allen,A. Allocca,P. A. Altin,S. B. Anderson,W. G. Anderson,Koji Arai,M. C. Araya,C. C. Arceneaux,J. S. Areeda,N. Arnaud,K. G. Arun,S. Ascenzi,Gregory Ashton,M. Ast,S. M. Aston,P. Astone,P. Aufmuth,C. Aulbert,Stanislav Babak,P. Bacon,M. K. M. Bader,P. T. Baker,F. Baldaccini,G. Ballardin,S. W. Ballmer,J. C. Barayoga,S. E. Barclay,Barry C. Barish,D. Barker,Fabrizio Barone,B. Barr,Lisa Barsotti,M. Barsuglia,D. Barta,James G. Bartlett,Imre Bartos,Riccardo Bassiri,A. Basti,J. C. Batch,C. Baune,Viswanath Bavigadda,Marco Bazzan,B. Behnke,M. Bejger,C. Belczynski,A. S. Bell,C. J. Bell,B. K. Berger,J. Bergman,G. Bergmann,Christopher P. L. Berry,D. Bersanetti,Alessandro Bertolini,J. Betzwieser,Swetha Bhagwat,R. Bhandare,I. A. Bilenko,G. Billingsley,Jens Birch,R. Birney,Sebastien Biscans,A. Bisht,M. Bitossi,Christopher M. Biwer,Marie-Anne Bizouard,J. K. Blackburn,Carl Blair,David Blair,R. M. Blair,Steven Bloemen,O. Bock,T. P. Bodiya,M. Boer,G. Bogaert,C. Bogan,Alejandro Bohé,P. Bojtos,Charlotte Bond,François Bondu,R. Bonnand,B. A. Boom,R. Bork,V. Boschi,Suvadeep Bose,Y. Bouffanais,A. Bozzi,C. Bradaschia,Patrick Brady,Vladimir B. Braginsky,Marica Branchesi,J. E. Brau,Tristan Briant,A. Brillet,M. Brinkmann,V. Brisson,P. Brockill,A. F. Brooks,Duncan A. Brown,D. D. Brown,N. M. Brown,C. C. Buchanan,Aaron Buikema,Tomasz Bulik,H. J. Bulten,Alessandra Buonanno,D. Buskulic,C. Buy,Robert L. Byer,Laura Cadonati,Gianpietro Cagnoli,C. Cahillane,J. Calderón Bustillo,T. A. Callister,Enrico Calloni,J. B. Camp,Kipp Cannon,Junwei Cao,Collin D. Capano,E. Capocasa,F. Carbognani,S. Caride,J. Casanueva Diaz,C. Casentini,Sarah Caudill,Marco Cavaglia,F. Cavalier,R. Cavalieri,Giancarlo Cella,Carlos Cepeda,L. Cerboni Baiardi,G. 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Hollitt,K. Holt,Daniel E. Holz,Philip F. Hopkins,D. J. Hosken,J. H. Hough,E. A. Houston,Eric Howell,Yi-Ming Hu,S. Huang,E. A. Huerta,D. Huet,B. Hughey,Sascha Husa,S. H. Huttner,T. Huynh-Dinh,A. Idrisy,N. Indik,D. R. Ingram,R. Inta,H. N. Isa,J. M. Isac,Maximiliano Isi,G. Islas,T. Isogai,Bala R. Iyer,K. Izumi,Thibaut Jacqmin,H. J. Jang,Karan Jani,Piotr Jaranowski,S. Jawahar,F. Jiménez-Forteza,W. W. Johnson,David Jones,Roger Jones,R. J. G. Jonker,Li Ju,K. Haris,C. V. Kalaghatgi,V. Kalogera,S. Kandhasamy,G. Kang,J. B. Kanner,S. Karki,M. Kasprzack,Erik Katsavounidis,W. Katzman,S. Kaufer,Tejinder Kaur,K. Kawabe,Fumiko Kawazoe,Fabien Kéfélian,M. S. Kehl,David Keitel,D. B. Kelley,W. Kells,R. Kennedy,J. S. Key,Alexander Khalaidovski,F. Y. Khalili,Imran Khan,Sebastian Khan,Zahoor Ali Khan,Efim A. Khazanov,N. Kijbunchoo,Chi-Woong Kim,Joonghan Kim,Kyungmin Kim,Nam Gyu Kim,Namjun Kim,Y. M. Kim,E. J. King,P. J. King,D. L. Kinzel,J. S. Kissel,L. Kleybolte,S. Klimenko,S. M. Koehlenbeck,K. Kokeyama,S. Koley,V. Kondrashov,Antonios Kontos,M. Korobko,W. Z. Korth,I. Kowalska,D. B. Kozak,V. Kringel,Badri Krishnan,A. Królak,C. Krueger,G. Kuehn,P. Kumar,L. Kuo,A. Kutynia,B. D. Lackey,M. Landry,J. S. Lange,B. Lantz,Paul D. Lasky,Albert Lazzarini,C. Lazzaro,P. Leaci,S. Leavey,E. O. Lebigot,Chang-Hwan Lee,Hyun Lee,Ho-Gyu Lee,Kejia Lee,A. Lenon,M. Leonardi,J. R. Leong,N. Leroy,N. Letendre,Yuri Levin,B. M. Levine,Tjonnie G. F. Li,Adam A. Libson,Tyson Littenberg,N. A. Lockerbie,J. Logue,A. L. Lombardi,J. E. Lord,M. Lorenzini,V. Loriette,M. Lormand,G. Losurdo,J. D. Lough,Harald Lück,Andrew Lundgren,J. Luo,Ryan S. Lynch,Y. Ma,Timothy MacDonald,B. Machenschalk,M. MacInnis,D. M. Macleod,F. Magaña-Sandoval,R. M. Magee,M. Mageswaran,Ettore Majorana,I. Maksimovic,V. Malvezzi,N. Man,Ilya Mandel,Vuk Mandic,V. Mangano,G. L. Mansell,Magnus Manske,M. Mantovani,Fabio Marchesoni,F. Marion,S. Márka,Z. Márka,A. S. Markosyan,E. Maros,F. Martelli,Lionel Martellini,I. W. Martin,R. M. Martin,Denis Martynov,J. N. Marx,K. Mason,A. Masserot,T. J. Massinger,M. Masso-Reid,Fabrice Matichard,L. Matone,Nergis Mavalvala,N. Mazumder,G. Mazzolo,Robert J. McCarthy,David E. McClelland,S. McCormick,S. C. McGuire,G. McIntyre,Jessica McIver,D. J. McManus,Sean T. McWilliams,D. Meacher,G. D. Meadors,J. Meidam,Andrew Melatos,G. Mendell,D. Mendoza-Gandara,R. A. Mercer,E. L. Merilh,M. Merzougui,S. Meshkov,C. Messenger,Cody Messick,P. M. Meyers,F. Mezzani,Haixing Miao,C. Michel,H. Middleton,Eugeniy E. Mikhailov,Leopoldo Milano,John Miller,Margaret Millhouse,Y. Minenkov,J. Ming,S. Mirshekari,Chandra Kant Mishra,Subhabrata Mitra,V. P. Mitrofanov,Guenakh Mitselmakher,R. Mittleman,A. Moggi,M. Mohan,Satya Mohapatra,M. Montani,Blake Moore,Christopher J. Moore,D. Moraru,G. Moreno,S. R. Morriss,Kasem Mossavi,B. Mours,C. M. Mow-Lowry,C. L. Mueller,Guido Mueller,A. W. Muir,Arunava Mukherjee,Debnandini Mukherjee,Soma Mukherjee,N. Mukund,A. Mullavey,Jesper Munch,David Murphy,P. G. Murray,A. Mytidis,I. Nardecchia,L. 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Premachandra,T. Prestegard,Larry R. Price,M. Prijatelj,Maria Ilaria Del Principe,S. Privitera,Reinhard Prix,G. A. Prodi,L. Prokhorov,O. Puncken,M. Punturo,P. Puppo,Michael Pürrer,H. Qi,Jiayi Qin,V. Quetschke,E. A. Quintero,R. Quitzow-James,F. J. Raab,D. S. Rabeling,H. Radkins,P. Raffai,S. Raja,Malik Rakhmanov,P. Rapagnani,Vivien Raymond,M. Razzano,V. Re,Jocelyn Read,C. M. Reed,Tania Regimbau,L. Rei,Stuart Reid,D. H. Reitze,H. Rew,Susana Reyes,F. Ricci,K. Riles,N. A. Robertson,R. Robie,F. Robinet,A. Rocchi,L. Rolland,J. G. Rollins,V. J. Roma,Joseph D. Romano,Rocco Romano,Gleb Romanov,J. H. Romie,D. Rosińska,Sheila Rowan,Albrecht Rüdiger,P. Ruggi,Kris Ryan,Surabhi Sachdev,T. Sadecki,Laleh Sadeghian,L. Salconi,M. Saleem,Francesco Salemi,A. Samajdar,L. Sammut,E. J. Sanchez,V. Sandberg,B. Sandeen,J. R. Sanders,J. R. Sanders,B. Sassolas,Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash,Peter R. Saulson,O. E. S. Sauter,R. L. Savage,A. Sawadsky,P. 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P. Tarabrin,Andrea Taracchini,R. Taylor,T. Theeg,M. P. Thirugnanasambandam,E. G. Thomas,M. Thomas,P. Thomas,K. A. Thorne,Kip S. Thorne,Eric Thrane,Shubhanshu Tiwari,V. Tiwari,K. V. Tokmakov,C. Tomlinson,M. Tonelli,C. V. Torres,C. I. Torrie,D. Töyrä,F. Travasso,G. Traylor,D. Trifirò,M. C. Tringali,L. Trozzo,M. Tse,M. Turconi,D. Tuyenbayev,D. Ugolini,C. S. Unnikrishnan,A. L. Urban,S. A. Usman,H. Vahlbruch,G. Vajente,G. Valdes,N. van Bakel,M. van Beuzekom,J. F. J. van den Brand,C. Van Den Broeck,D. C. Vander-Hyde,L. van der Schaaf,J. V. van Heijningen,A. A. van Veggel,M. Vardaro,S. Vass,M. Vasúth,Ruslan Vaulin,Alberto Vecchio,G. Vedovato,John Veitch,P. J. Veitch,K. Venkateswara,D. Verkindt,F. Vetrano,A. Viceré,Serena Vinciguerra,D. J. Vine,J-Y. Vinet,Salvatore Vitale,T. Vo,H. Vocca,C. Vorvick,D. V. Voss,W. D. Vousden,Sergey P. Vyatchanin,A. R. Wade,L. E. Wade,Madeline Wade,Michelle E. Walker,L. Wallace,S. Walsh,G. Wang,Hua Wang,Meng Wang,X. F. Wang,Y. Wang,R. L. Ward,J. Warner,M. Was,B. A. Weaver,L.-W. Wei,L.-W. Wei,M. Weinert,A. J. Weinstein,Rainer Weiss,Timothy A Welborn,Linqing Wen,Peter Weßels,T. Westphal,K. Wette,James Whelan,D. J. White,Bernard F. Whiting,Roy Williams,A. R. Williamson,J. L. Willis,Benno Willke,M. H. Wimmer,Walter Winkler,Christopher Wipf,H. Wittel,Graham Woan,John Worden,J. L. Wright,G. Wu,Joshua Yablon,William Yam,H. Yamamoto,C. C. Yancey,M. J. Yap,Haocun Yu,M. Yvert,A. K. Zadrożny,L. Zangrando,Michele Zanolin,J. P. Zendri,M. Zevin,Fan Zhang,L. Zhang,Mi Zhang,Y.-H. Zhang,Chunnong Zhao,Minchuan Zhou,Zifan Zhou,Xing-Jiang Zhu,Michael E Zucker,S. E. Zuraw,J. Zweizig +964 more
TL;DR: The discovery of the GW150914 with the Advanced LIGO detectors provides the first observational evidence for the existence of binary black-hole systems that inspiral and merge within the age of the Universe as mentioned in this paper.
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TL;DR: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) as discussed by the authors provides the data to support detailed investigations of the distribution of luminous and non-luminous matter in the universe: a photometrically and astrometrically calibrated digital imaging survey of π sr above about Galactic latitude 30° in five broad optical bands to a depth of g' ~ 23 mag.
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