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Costs for water supply, treatment, end-use and reclamation

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TLDR
In this paper, the authors reviewed the cost of different water supply and water treatment options around the world, and the relationship between cost and volume of water treated by specific treatment options is assessed.
Abstract
The paper reviews the cost of different water supply and water treatment options around the world. The cost of supplying ground water is found to be proportional to the lift. The relationship between cost and volume of water treated by specific treatment options is assessed. Vehicular transportation of water is found to be very costly compared to wastewater treatment and compared to conventional water treatment and supply. Efforts have been made to differentiate the cost of water with respect to its application in various sectors. The capital cost of infrastructure required to extract, treat, supply, and reclaim water is also studied. Finally, the effects of precipitation, geographic aspects, population, financial, regulatory laws, and social attributes of a specific region are considered as they affect the cost of water. Global use of water in agriculture and the costs of agricultural irrigation are studied. Pressurized irrigation systems are costlier compared to flood or surface irrigation systems.

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Citations
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References
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Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges

TL;DR: Key parameters of an RO process and process modifications due to feed water characteristics are brought to light by a direct comparison of seawater and brackish water RO systems.
Journal ArticleDOI

Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment

TL;DR: Major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits.
Journal ArticleDOI

Global Water Pollution and Human Health

TL;DR: In this paper, the main groups of aquatic contaminants, their effects on human health, and approaches to mitigate pollution of freshwater resources are reviewed, particularly on inorganic and organic micropollutants including toxic metals and metalloids as well as a large variety of synthetic organic chemicals.
Journal ArticleDOI

Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment

TL;DR: A taxonomy of a large number of related publications, classified in a systematic method and format, in order to allow meaningful comparisons and facilitate the derivation of useful conclusions is presented in this paper.
ReportDOI

A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide basic information on many aspects of produced water, including its constituents, how much of it is generated, how it is managed and regulated in different settings, and the cost of its management.
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Trending Questions (1)
How does the price of reclaimed water compare to the price of other water sources?

The paper does not provide information on the price of reclaimed water compared to other water sources.