Creating, transporting, cutting, and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation for digital microfluidic circuits
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...…1998; Yun et al., 2002 , creation, manipulation, and metering of fluid droplets Lee and Kim, 2000; Pollack et al., 2000; Lee, Moon, et al., 2002; Cho, Moon, and Kim, 2003; Kuo et al., 2003; Ren et al., 2004 , and chemical reactors that merge and mix droplets presumably by electrowetting…...
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...Droplet manipulation is likewise fast—velocities on solid substrates of order 1 mm/s–10 cm/s have been demonstrated Washizu, 1998; Pollack et al., 2000, 2002; Cho, Moon, and Kim, 2003 and drops have been split in less than a second Cho, Moon, and Kim, 2003 Fig....
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...23 Popular inorganic insulator materials include SiO2 [39, 63, 68-71] and SiN [68, 72, 73]....
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...Popular inorganic insulator materials include SiO2 [34, 56, 61–64] and SiN [61, 65, 66]....
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...Both current approaches, composite substrates of solid state insulators (e.g. SiO2) with hydrophobic top coatings as well as homogeneous polymeric insulators,have reached the range of submicrometre thickness....
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...Routine tasks such as moving, merging, mixing, and splitting of droplets have been demonstrated, first independently and later integrated into more complex devices (see [5], [71], and references therein)....
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...Lab-on-a-chip applications of electrowetting were mainly promoted by two laboratories, the one of Richard Fair at Duke University (for a recent review focused on the activities of this laboratory, see [5]) and the one of CJ Kim at UCLA (see [71] and references there) with several other groups joining in more recently [105-107]....
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...A similar technology can be used for the splitting of a droplet into several smaller droplets [32]....
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...Control and manipulation of such droplets can be achieved by another favorable aspect of the high surface-to-volume ratio in microfluidics: the possibility to control the liquid flow by electrically induced forces or electrowetting [32]....
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...Devices made with known-good-dice give us good repeatable EWOD actuations at as low as 25 V, which is much lower than the previously reported EWOD actuation voltages in air (over 50 V) [10], [12]–[14], [16], [17]....
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...Among the known configurations of electrowetting, electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD), which allows for control of the wettability of liquids on a dielectric solid surface using electric potential [10], [12]–[19], is considered most promising, thanks to the electrochemical inertness of the surface....
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...Furthermore, we found that when high-voltage ac potential (150 V) is applied, the transporting speed increases up to 250 mm/s [18], one order of magnitude faster than previously reported [10], depending on the frequency of the ac potential and the channel gap....
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...[10] showed that an aqueous liquid droplet could be transported with EWOD....
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...All four fundamental operations were successfully performed in an air-filled environment with 25 V , much lower than the EWOD actuation voltages in air previously reported [10], [12]–[14], [16], [17]....
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