Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes
University of Oxford1, University of Bristol2, Utrecht University3, Goethe University Frankfurt4, University of California, San Diego5, Leipzig University6, University of Milan7, Indiana University8, National Museum of Natural History9, University College London10, Newcastle University11, Ruhr University Bochum12
TL;DR: In this article, a compilation and synthesis of available planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and TEX86-SST proxy data for almost the entire Cretaceous Period is presented.
About: This article is published in Earth-Science Reviews.The article was published on 2017-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 331 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Foraminifera & Sea surface temperature.
Citations
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01 Mar 2005
TL;DR: The breakup of the former Pangea supercontinent culminated in the modern drifting continents and increased rifting caused the establishment of the Atlantic Ocean in the middle Jurassic and significant widening in Cretaceous as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The breakup of the former Pangea supercontinent culminated in the modern drifting continents. Increased rifting caused the establishment of the Atlantic Ocean in the middle Jurassic and significant widening in Cretaceous. An explosion of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifers in the warm seas created massive chalk deposits. A surge in submarine volcanic activity enhanced supergreenhouse conditions in the middle Cretaceous with high CO2 concentrations. Angiosperm plants bloomed on the dinosaur-dominated land during late Cretaceous. The Cretaceous dramatically ended with an asteroid impact, which resulted in a mass extinction.
280 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the history of global changes in temperature during the Phanerozoic has been summarized in a “paleotemperature timescale” that subdivides the many past climatic events into 8 major climate modes; each climate mode is made up of 3-4 pairs of warming and cooling episodes (chronotemps) and a detailed narrative describes how these past temperature events have been affected by geological processes such as the eruption of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPS) (warming) and bolide impacts (cooling).
200 citations
TL;DR: Foraminiferal stable isotope measurements from southern high latitude (SHL) deep-sea sites provide a novel perspective important for understanding Earth's paleotemperature and paleoceanographic changes across the rise and fall of the Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse climate and the subsequent Paleogene climatic optimum.
173 citations
University of Bristol1, Purdue University2, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton3, Utrecht University4, Stockholm University5, University of Massachusetts Amherst6, Centre national de la recherche scientifique7, University of St Andrews8, National Center for Atmospheric Research9, GNS Science10, University of Birmingham11, University of California, Santa Cruz12, University of California, Riverside13, Texas A&M University14, Columbia University15, Yale University16, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research17, Cardiff University18, Goddard Institute for Space Studies19, University of Exeter20, University of Michigan21, Northumbria University22, University of Colorado Boulder23, University of Arizona24, University of California, Los Angeles25, Texas State University26, University College London27, Smithsonian Institution28, University of Texas at Arlington29, University of Sydney30, University of Hawaii at Manoa31
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an experimental design for climate model simulations of three warm periods within the early Eocene and the latest Paleocene (the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM).
Abstract: Past warm periods provide an opportunity to evaluate climate models under extreme forcing scenarios, in particular high ( > 800 ppmv) atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Although a post hoc intercomparison of Eocene ( ∼ 50 Ma) climate model simulations and geological data has been carried out previously, models of past high-CO2 periods have never been evaluated in a consistent framework. Here, we present an experimental design for climate model simulations of three warm periods within the early Eocene and the latest Paleocene (the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM). Together with the CMIP6 pre-industrial control and abrupt 4 × CO2 simulations, and additional sensitivity studies, these form the first phase of DeepMIP – the Deep-time Model Intercomparison Project, itself a group within the wider Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The experimental design specifies and provides guidance on boundary conditions associated with palaeogeography, greenhouse gases, astronomical configuration, solar constant, land surface processes, and aerosols. Initial conditions, simulation length, and output variables are also specified. Finally, we explain how the geological data sets, which will be used to evaluate the simulations, will be developed.
134 citations
GNS Science1, University of Birmingham2, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences3, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton4, Utrecht University5, Montclair State University6, Rice University7, Goethe University Frankfurt8, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory9, Cardiff University10, University of Exeter11, University of Bergen12, University of Bremen13, Northumbria University14, University of Louisiana at Lafayette15, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven16, University of Arizona17, University College London18, University of California, Santa Cruz19, Texas A&M University20, University of Bristol21
TL;DR: The Deep Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) as discussed by the authors is a systematic model and data intercomparisons of three early Paleogene time slices: latest Paleocene, Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO).
Abstract: The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean temperatures were also substantially warmer than those of the present day. As such, the study of early Eocene climate provides insight into how a super-warm Earth system behaves and offers an opportunity to evaluate climate models under conditions of high greenhouse gas forcing. The Deep Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a systematic model–model and model–data intercomparison of three early Paleogene time slices: latest Paleocene, Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO). A previous article outlined the model experimental design for climate model simulations. In this article, we outline the methodologies to be used for the compilation and analysis of climate proxy data, primarily proxies for temperature and CO2. This paper establishes the protocols for a concerted and coordinated effort to compile the climate proxy records across a wide geographic range. The resulting climate “atlas” will be used to constrain and evaluate climate models for the three selected time intervals and provide insights into the mechanisms that control these warm climate states. We provide version 0.1 of this database, in anticipation that this will be expanded in subsequent publications.
128 citations
References
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TL;DR: Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred, and presents a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years.
Abstract: We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10 4 - to 10 6 -year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10 7 -year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).
2,740 citations
"Cretaceous sea-surface temperature ..." refers background in this paper
...Concurrently, eustatic sea level during the Cretaceous was on average 75–250 m higher than present-day mean sea level (Miller et al., 2005; Haq, 2014) and there was an absence of large, quasi-permanent ice sheets (e.g., Huber et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2005; MacLeod et al., 2013), although…...
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...…present-day mean sea level (Miller et al., 2005; Haq, 2014) and there was an absence of large, quasi-permanent ice sheets (e.g., Huber et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2005; MacLeod et al., 2013), although small-scale glaciation events have been proposed for both the Early and Late Cretaceous (e.g.,…...
[...]
...Concurrently, eustatic sea level during the Cretaceous was on average 75–250 m higher than present-day mean sea level (Miller et al., 2005; Haq, 2014) and there was an absence of large, quasi-permanent ice sheets (e....
[...]
..., 2005; Haq, 2014) and there was an absence of large, quasi-permanent ice sheets (e.g., Huber et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2005; MacLeod et al., 2013), although small-scale glaciation events have been proposed for both the Early and Late Cretaceous (e....
[...]
...…and/or ephemeral ice sheets at times in the Cretaceous has been proposed and debated in numerous studies (e.g., Kemper and Schmitz, 1981; Stoll and Schrag, 1996; Price, 1999; Stoll and Schrag, 2000; Miller et al., 2005; Bornemann et al., 2008; Price and Passey, 2013; Ladant and Donnadieu, 2016)....
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TL;DR: A suite of divalent metal (Ca, Cd, Ba) carbonates was synthesized over the temperature range 10-40°C by the classical method of slowly bubbling N 2 through a bicarbonate solution.
2,187 citations
TL;DR: GTS2012 as mentioned in this paper summarizes the international divisions and ages in the Geologic Time Scale, published in 2012, since 2004, when GTS2004 was detailed, major developments have taken place that directly bear and have considerable impact on the intricate science of geologic time scaling.
Abstract: This report summarizes the international divisions and ages in the Geologic Time Scale, published
in 2012 (GTS2012). Since 2004, when GTS2004 was detailed, major developments have taken place
that directly bear and have considerable impact on the intricate science of geologic time scaling. Precam brian
now has a detailed proposal for chronostratigraphic subdivision instead of an outdated and abstract chronometric
one. Of 100 chronostratigraphic units in the Phanerozoic 63 now have formal definitions, but stable
chronostratigraphy in part of upper Paleozoic, Triassic and Middle Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous is still wanting.
Detailed age calibration now exist between radiometric methods and orbital tuning, making 40Ar-39Ar dates
0.64% older and more accurate. In general, numeric uncertainty in the time scale, although complex and not
entirely amenable to objective analysis, is improved and reduced. Bases of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
are bracketed by analytically precise ages, respectively 541 0.63, 252.16 0.5, and 65.95 0.05 Ma.
High-resolution, direct age-dates now exist for base-Carboniferous, base-Permian, base-Jurassic, base-Cenomanian
and base-Eocene. Relative to GTS2004, 26 of 100 time scale boundaries have changed age, of which
14 have changed more than 4 Ma, and 4 (in Middle to Late Triassic) between 6 and 12 Ma. There is much
higher stratigraphic resolution in Late Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene, and improved integration
with stable isotopes stratigraphy. Cenozoic and Cretaceous have a refined magneto-biochronology.
The spectacular outcrop sections for the Rosello Composite in Sicily, Italy and at Zumaia, Basque Province,
Spain encompass the Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points for two Pliocene and two Paleocene
stages. Since the cycle record indicates, to the best of our knowledge that the stages sediment fill is stratigraphically
complete, these sections also may fulfill the important role of stage unit stratotypes for three of
these stages, Piacenzian, Zanclean and Danian
1,892 citations
"Cretaceous sea-surface temperature ..." refers background in this paper
...Aside from temperature proxy developments, the most recent Cretaceous time scale has undergone revisions since the publication of several datasets (Gradstein et al., 2004; Gradstein et al., 2012)....
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01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: An oxygen and carbon isotopic history based on analyses of benthonic and planktonic foraminifera in three overlapping subantarctic sections is presented for the last 55 m.y. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An oxygen and carbon isotopic history based on analyses of benthonic and planktonic foraminifera in three overlapping subantarctic sections is presented for the last 55 m.y. with a sampling interval ofless than 1 m.y. Surface temperature at Site 277, on the Campbell Plateau, was about 19°C in the early Eocene, about 13°C in the middle Eocene, about 11°C in the late Eocene, and about 7°C in the Oligocene. Declines in temperature appear to have been rather rapid and are separated by episodes of relative temperature stability. Bottom temperature at Site 277 was about 1°C below surface temperature in the Paleocene and about 2°C below surface temperature in the Oligocene. Site 279, on the Macquarie Ridge, records an early Miocene warming of over 2°C followed by a cooling and a second similar temperature rise in the middle Miocene. Bottom temperature at this somewhat deeper site was about 3°C below surface temperature and was probably as low as 4°C during part of the early Miocene. Comparisons between Sites 277 and 279 suggest that from the early Oligocene temperatures of deep water were low like the present day, implying that the mean annual temperature in high southern latitudes was near freezing by the beginning of the Oligocene (but certainly no earlier). From this time glaciers would have descended to sea level, and there would have been sea-ice production. If an ice sheet were present, it could not have been more than a small fraction of its present-day size. Site 281, on the South Tasman Rise, extends the record into the middle and late Miocene during which time the major East Antarctic ice sheet accumulated. A significant rise in surface temperature during the late Miocene did not cause the melting of this ice sheet, demonstrating that by this time it had already achieved its present invulnerability to climatic change. Since temperatures during much of the Miocene were significantly above any Pleistocene values, it is extremely unlikely that any climatic change in the geologically near future will significantly affect the stability of the East Antarctic ice sheet.
1,565 citations
"Cretaceous sea-surface temperature ..." refers background in this paper
...…we use a δ18Osw value of −1.0‰ standard mean ocean water (VSMOW) to represent the mean isotopic composition of seawater in a non-glacial world (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975), which corresponds to a δ18Osw value of−1.27‰ (PDB) in the temperature equation (Hut, 1987): = − − ±° °T( C) 16.5…...
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...0‰ standard mean ocean water (VSMOW) to represent the mean isotopic composition of seawater in a non-glacial world (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975), which corresponds to a δ(18)Osw value of−1....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, an interpretation of these events as the result of the interplay of two major geologic and climatic factors is given, namely, the Late Cretaceous transgression which increased the area and volume of shallow epicontinental and marginal seas and was accompanied by an increase in the production of organic carbon; and the existence of an equable global climate which reduced the supply of cold oxygenated bottom water to the world ocean.
Abstract: Organic carbon-rich sediments are globally developed in pelagic sedimentary sequences of Aptian-Albian and Cenomanian-Turonian age. They formed in a variety of paleo-bathymetric settings including oceanic plateaus and basins, continental margins and shelf seas. The widespread nature of these deposits suggests that they were not strictly controlled by local basin geometry but were a product of ″Oceanic Anoxic Events″ . Interpretation of these events as the result of the interplay of two major geologic and climatic factors is given. The Late Cretaceous transgression which increased the area and volume of shallow epicontinental and marginal seas and was accompanied by an increase in the production of organic carbon; and the existence of an equable global climate which reduced the supply of cold oxygenated bottom water to the world ocean. This combination of climatic and hypsographic conditions favoured the formation of an expanded oxygen-minimum layer and where this intersected the sediment-water interface, organic carbon-rich deposits could be formed, these being records of ″Oceanic Anoxic Events″ .
1,420 citations
"Cretaceous sea-surface temperature ..." refers background in this paper
...Against a background of greenhouse conditions, the Earth's climate and oceans underwent significant changes and perturbations during the Cretaceous including oceanic anoxic events (OAEs; Schlanger and Jenkyns, 1976; Schlanger et al., 1987; Wilson and Norris, 2001; Jenkyns, 2010; Jenkyns et al., 2017) and oceanic gateway re-...
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...…the Earth's climate and oceans underwent significant changes and perturbations during the Cretaceous including oceanic anoxic events (OAEs; Schlanger and Jenkyns, 1976; Schlanger et al., 1987; Wilson and Norris, 2001; Jenkyns, 2010; Jenkyns et al., 2017) and oceanic gateway reorganisation…...
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