Critical analysis of the effect of metal ions on gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger using a treated Indian cane molasses
TL;DR: The yield of gluconic acid was influenced more by a combination of metal ions rather than individual ions, and potassium ferrocyanide treatment gave the most promising results compared to other treatment techniques.
Abstract: Gluconic acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger has been investigated using untreated and treated Indian cane molasses. The yield of gluconic acid was found to be reduced using an untreated molasses medium compared to a defined medium. Hence, molasses was subjected to various pretreatment techniques. Pretreatment reduced the levels of various cations and anions. As the synthesis of gluconic acid has been observed to be influenced more by cations than anions, the effect of various metal ions, viz., copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, and magnesium on the yield of gluconic acid has been critically examined in both untreated and treated cane molasses. These results have been compared with a defined medium. The yield of gluconic acid was influenced more by a combination of metal ions rather than individual ions. Potassium ferrocyanide treatment gave the most promising results compared to other treatment techniques.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reaction, the principal being sodium gluconate, which has wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract: Summary Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reaction. The reaction is facilitated by the enzyme glucose oxidase (fungi) and glucose dehydrogenase (bacteria such as Gluconobacter). Microbial production of gluconic acid is the preferred method and it dates back to several decades. The most studied and widely used fermentation process involves the fungus Aspergillus niger. Gluconic acid and its derivatives, the principal being sodium gluconate, have wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. This article gives a review of microbial gluconic acid production, its properties and applications.
490 citations
Cites methods from "Critical analysis of the effect of ..."
...Rao and Panda (67) used Indian cane molasses as a source of glucose....
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TL;DR: Efforts were made to optimize the growth of Ralstonia eutropha in the presence of nutrients, which would not only decrease the production cost of PHB but also help in increasing the productivity.
216 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the application, development, and practical considerations of fermentations in chemically defined media in an industrial environment and present a review of the application and process economics of such media.
Abstract: The use of chemically defined media is gaining popularity in some commercial fermentations, particularly for the preparation of biological products. Although these media are still not frequently developed for industrial processes, they do exhibit favorable characteristics at large scale that are not observed with traditional complex media. This review focuses on the application, development, and practical considerations, especially process economics, of fermentations in chemically defined media in an industrial environment.
204 citations
Cites background from "Critical analysis of the effect of ..."
...Rao and Panda (1994) found that a de®ned medium supported better gluconic acid production by A. niger than did the complex medium using untreated molasses, because the latter contained a number of cations at levels inhibitory to biosynthesis....
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TL;DR: Advancements in biotechnology such as screening of microorganisms, immobilization techniques, and modifications in fermentation process for continuous fermentation, including genetic engineering programmes, could lead to cost-effective production of glucoseconic acid.
Abstract: Gluconic acid (GA) is a multifunctional carbonic acid regarded as a bulk chemical in the food, feed, beverage, textile, pharmaceutical, and construction industries. The favored production process is submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger utilizing glucose as a major carbohydrate source, which accompanied product yield of 98%. However, use of GA and its derivatives is currently restricted because of high prices: about US$ 1.20–8.50/kg. Advancements in biotechnology such as screening of microorganisms, immobilization techniques, and modifications in fermentation process for continuous fermentation, including genetic engineering programmes, could lead to cost-effective production of GA. Among alternative carbohydrate sources, sugarcane molasses, grape must show highest GA yield of 95.8%, and banana must may assist reducing the overall cost of GA production. These methodologies would open new markets and increase applications of GA.
150 citations
Cites background or methods from "Critical analysis of the effect of ..."
...…by immobilizing A. niger on glass rings (Heinrich and Rehm 1982), nonwoven fabric material (Sakurai et al. 1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al. 1993), including…...
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...…Rehm 1982), nonwoven fabric material (Sakurai et al. 1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al. 1993), including flocculation with the polyelectrolytes and covalent binding to…...
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...A wide variety of cheaper carbohydrate sources including sugarcane molasses, beet molasses, grape must, banana must, and paper waste have been proposed as substrates for GA production with 85–95% yield (Kundu and Das 1984; Roukas and Harvey 1988; Buzzini et al. 1993; Rao et al. 1994 ; R ao and Panda 1994; Singh et al. 2003, 2005; Ikeda et al. 2006; Singh and Singh 2006)....
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...…banana must, food processing residues, figs, cheese whey, beet molasses, and saccharified solution of waste paper (Kundu and Das 1984; Roukas and Harvey 1988; Buzzini et al. 1993; Rao and Panda 1994; Roukas 2000; Fischer and Bipp 2005; Singh et al. 2005; Singh and Singh 2006; Ikeda et al. 2006)....
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...…achieved was about 143 g/l. Whole-cell immobilization of A. niger in calcium alginate using potassium–ferrocyanide-treated cane molasses as a substrate had a better product yield (0.40 g GA/g total reducing sugar supplied) than the cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994)....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the critical aspects of production of gluconic acid suggests ways towards development of green processes through process intensification leading to the prospects of sustainable business.
Abstract: In view of the huge application potential of gluconic acid and its derivatives, this manuscript critically reviews literature of the last thirty years on evolution of production processes of this important organic acid for the purpose of directing further research towards process intensification for innovative green processes. Fermentative process and catalytic oxidation are found to be the two basic approaches in production of gluconic acid. In both the approaches, downstream purification involves several steps such as centrifugation, carbon adsorption, evaporation, crystallization and ion-exchange. Cost-effective and eco-friendly production of high purity gluconic acid has remained a challenge, mainly due to involvement of multiple downstream processing units and their associated energy consumption and cost factors. In the recent years, possibility of integration of tailor-made and highly selective membranes and modules with fermenter in downstream purification of gluconic acid appears to have brightened the prospects of gluconic acid manufacture. This paper through a comprehensive review of the critical aspects of production of gluconic acid suggests ways towards development of green processes through process intensification leading to the prospects of sustainable business.
83 citations
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TL;DR: The effect of pH on the production of citric and gluconic acid, from beet molasses by Aspergillus niger, was studied using continuous culture to find the optimum specific activities.
Abstract: The effect of pH on the production of citric and gluconic acid, from beet molasses byAspergillus niger, was studied using continuous culture. At pH values above 2.5 gluconic acid was the major product, citric acid being the predominant product at low pH values. The optimum specific activities of citrate synthase, aconitase, NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase occurred at pH 4 and of glucose oxidase at pH 5.
56 citations
Journal Article•
39 citations
TL;DR: Sodium gluconate method is promising with respect to lesser time for slant age and lesser time of fermentation compared to the calcium glu Conate method.
Abstract: Sodium gluconate and calcium gluconate methods are important techniques available for gluconic acid fermentation. The comparative analysis of these fermentations has been addressed using Aspergillus niger. The techniques are equally influenced by the spores age in slant growth, inoculum level in germination and production media, different levels of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Sodium gluconate method is promising with respect to lesser time for slant age (3 d) and lesser time of fermentation (6 d) compared to the calcium gluconate method (slant age — 6 d, and time of fermentation — 7 d).
15 citations
TL;DR: The yield from glucose or starch hydrolysate was acceptably high in both shake and semi-solid fermentation indicating that the semi- solid fermentation process offers a promising practical alternative to the still fermentation process.
Abstract: A strain of Aspergillus niger was grown in still (liquid), shake and semi-solid fermentation for calcium gluconate production from glucose, starch, or molasses. The yield from glucose or starch hydrolysate was acceptably high in both shake and semi-solid fermentation indicating that the semi-solid fermentation process offers a promising practical alternative.
11 citations