Book•
Crop evapotranspiration : guidelines for computing crop water requirements
01 Jan 1998-Iss: 1
TL;DR: In this paper, an updated procedure for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data and crop coefficients is presented, based on the FAO Penman-Monteith method.
Abstract: (First edition: 1998, this reprint: 2004). This publication presents an updated procedure for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data and crop coefficients. The procedure, first presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24, Crop water requirements, in 1977, allows estimation of the amount of water used by a crop, taking into account the effect of the climate and the crop characteristics. The publication incorporates advances in research and more accurate procedures for determining crop water use as recommended by a panel of high-level experts organised by FAO in May 1990. The first part of the guidelines includes procedures for determining reference crop evapotranspiration according to the FAO Penman-Monteith method. These are followed by updated procedures for estimating the evapotranspiration of different crops for different growth stages and ecological conditions.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an updated gridded climate dataset (referred to as CRU TS3.10) from monthly observations at meteorological stations across the world's land areas is presented.
Abstract: This paper describes the construction of an updated gridded climate dataset (referred to as CRU TS3.10) from monthly observations at meteorological stations across the world's land areas. Station anomalies (from 1961 to 1990 means) were interpolated into 0.5° latitude/longitude grid cells covering the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), and combined with an existing climatology to obtain absolute monthly values. The dataset includes six mostly independent climate variables (mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, precipitation, wet-day frequency, vapour pressure and cloud cover). Maximum and minimum temperatures have been arithmetically derived from these. Secondary variables (frost day frequency and potential evapotranspiration) have been estimated from the six primary variables using well-known formulae. Time series for hemispheric averages and 20 large sub-continental scale regions were calculated (for mean, maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation totals) and compared to a number of similar gridded products. The new dataset compares very favourably, with the major deviations mostly in regions and/or time periods with sparser observational data. CRU TS3.10 includes diagnostics associated with each interpolated value that indicates the number of stations used in the interpolation, allowing determination of the reliability of values in an objective way. This gridded product will be publicly available, including the input station series (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ and http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/cru/). © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
5,552 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new climatic drought index, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), is proposed, which combines multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment.
Abstract: The authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an...
5,088 citations
TL;DR: The benefits of the new, re-designed DSSAT-CSM will provide considerable opportunities to its developers and others in the scientific community for greater cooperation in interdisciplinary research and in the application of knowledge to solve problems at field, farm, and higher levels.
3,339 citations
TL;DR: There are two categories of environmental changes with altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally altitude specific, suchAs moisture, hours of sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even human land use.
Abstract: Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful 'natural experiments' for testing ecological and evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences, such as low temperature. However, there are two categories of environmental changes with altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even human land use. The confounding of the first category by the latter has introduced confusion in the scientific literature on altitude phenomena.
2,130 citations
Paul Sabatier University1, National Autonomous University of Mexico2, Carnegie Institution for Science3, University of São Paulo4, National University of Colombia5, Norwegian University of Life Sciences6, Amazon.com7, University of Leeds8, United Nations9, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute10, University of Edinburgh11, Costa Rica Institute of Technology12
TL;DR: This work analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types, and found a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height.
Abstract: Terrestrial carbon stock mapping is important for the successful implementation of climate change mitigation policies. Its accuracy depends on the availability of reliable allometric models to infer oven-dry aboveground biomass of trees from census data. The degree of uncertainty associated with previously published pantropical aboveground biomass allometries is large. We analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types (4004 trees ≥ 5 cm trunk diameter). When trunk diameter, total tree height, and wood specific gravity were included in the aboveground biomass model as covariates, a single model was found to hold across tropical vegetation types, with no detectable effect of region or environmental factors. The mean percent bias and variance of this model was only slightly higher than that of locally fitted models. Wood specific gravity was an important predictor of aboveground biomass, especially when including a much broader range of vegetation types than previous studies. The generic tree diameter-height relationship depended linearly on a bioclimatic stress variable E, which compounds indices of temperature variability, precipitation variability, and drought intensity. For cases in which total tree height is unavailable for aboveground biomass estimation, a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height. However, to minimize bias, the development of locally derived diameter-height relationships is advised whenever possible. Both new allometric models should contribute to improve the accuracy of biomass assessment protocols in tropical vegetation types, and to advancing our understanding of architectural and evolutionary constraints on woody plant development.
1,750 citations
Cites methods from "Crop evapotranspiration : guideline..."
...…local allometric equations, we also extracted monthly values of reference evapotranspiration (ET), as computed by the FAO Penman–Monteith equation (Allen et al., 1998) at a 10 arc min resolution from a mean © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Global Change Biology, 20, 3177–3190 monthly climatology…...
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, analytical expressions which specify non-dimensionalized wind speed and potential temperature gradients as functions of stability are integrated with Swinhank's wind and temperature profiles measured at Kerang, Australia.
Abstract: Analytical expressions which specify non-dimensionalized wind speed and potential temperature gradients as functions of stability are integrated. The integrated equations are tested against Swinhank's wind and temperature profiles measured at Kerang, Australia. It is found that a representation suggested independently by Businger and by Dyer gives the best fit to temperature profiles and describes the wind profiles equally as well as a relation suggested by Panofsky et al.
1,713 citations
Book•
01 May 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an update of the former ASCE report Consumptive Use of Water and Irrigation Water Requirements (Manual No. 70) which was published in 1974.
Abstract: This manual, Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements (Manual No. 70) , prepared by the Committee on Irrigation Water Requirements of the Irrigation and Drainage Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, updates the former ASCE report Consumptive Use of Water and Irrigation Water Requirements published in 1974. It incorporates many years of user experience with the previous report and recent advances in the physics of evaporation from plant and soil surfaces. The manual is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter provides the background information on evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements throughout the world. The next chapter explores various aspects of the soil-plant-atmosphere system while the third discusses energy balance. This is followed by a discussion of evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration. Chapter 5 explores the relationship between evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss the methods for determining evapotranspiration and the evaluation of these methods respectively. The final chapter states the various ways an engineer might use this data. Therefore, this manual not only provides engineers with the necessary information to modify and improve procedures for estimating evapotranspiration, but it also helps them to evaluate and use this data.
1,617 citations
"Crop evapotranspiration : guideline..." refers background in this paper
...These are the alfalfabased Kc curves by Wright (1981; 1982) and grass-based curves by Pruitt (Doorenbos and Pruitt 1977; Jensen et al. 1990) and those reported in this paper....
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...5 References: Tetens (1930), Murray (1967) 6 Reference: Brunt (1952) 7 Reference: Bosen (1958); Jensen et al. (1990)...
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TL;DR: In this paper, Businger et al. reviewed the preferred relationships of Dyer and Hicks (1970) in the constant flux layer, and found that the preferred relationship was the one of the Dyer-H Hicks pair.
Abstract: Flux-profile relationships in the constant flux layer are reviewed The preferred relationships are found to be those of Dyer and Hicks (1970), namely, φ
H
=φ
W
=(1−16(z/L))−1/2, φ
M
=(1−16(z/L))−1/4 for the unstable region, and φ
H
=φ
W
=φ
M
= 1+5(z/L) for the stable region The carefully determined results of Businger et al (1971) remain a difficulty which calls for considerable clarification
1,564 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an ecosystem process model is described that calculates the carbon, water and nitrogen cycles through a forest ecosystem, which uses leaf area index (lai) to quantify the forest structure important for energy and mass exchange, and represents a key simplification for regional scale applications.
1,465 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the Monin-Obukhov function ΦM in the familiar wind profile equation was made using data from two recent expeditions to Gurley (New South Wales) and Hay (New Australia).
Abstract: An analysis is made of the Monin-Obukhov function ΦM in the familiar wind profile equation, using data from two recent expeditions to Gurley (New South Wales) and Hay (New South Wales). In one, the friction velocity u* is determined directly by the eddy correlation method, and in the other, conducted during mid-winter when small heat-fluxes were experienced, by the use of a friction coefficient applied to a low-level wind.
By collating with a similar earlier analysis for heat and water vapour transfer, the variations of ΦM, ΦH and ΦW with stability are presented in tabular form in the z/L range − 0.01 to − 1.0. Within this range the empirical relationships ΦM = (1 − 16 z/L)−1/4 and ΦH, W = (1 − 16 z/L)−1/2, and the implied equality between Ri and z/L, are found to approximate the data to within a few per cent.
890 citations