Cross-Reactive Chemical Sensor Arrays
TL;DR: In this article, a lock-and-key approach is used to detect compounds in the presence of controlled backgrounds and interferences, which requires the synthesis of a separate, highly selective sensor for each analyte to be detected.
Abstract: Conventional approaches to chemical sensors have
traditionally made use of a “lock-and-key” design,
wherein a specific receptor is synthesized in order to
strongly and highly selectively bind the analyte of
interest.1-6 A related approach involves exploiting a
general physicochemical effect selectively toward a
single analyte, such as the use of the ionic effect in
the construction of a pH electrode. In the first
approach, selectivity is achieved through recognition
of the analyte at the receptor site, and in the second,
selectivity is achieved through the transduction
process in which the method of detection dictates
which species are sensed. Such approaches are appropriate
when a specific target compound is to be
identified in the presence of controlled backgrounds
and interferences. However, this type of approach
requires the synthesis of a separate, highly selective
sensor for each analyte to be detected. In addition,
this type of approach is not particularly useful for
analyzing, classifying, or assigning human value
judgments to the composition of complex vapor
mixtures such as perfumes, beers, foods, mixtures of
solvents, etc.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the range of sensors used in electronic nose (e•nose) systems to date and outlined the operating principles and fabrication methods of each sensor type as well as the applications in which the different sensors have been used.
Abstract: This paper reviews the range of sensors used in electronic nose (e‐nose) systems to date. It outlines the operating principles and fabrication methods of each sensor type as well as the applications in which the different sensors have been utilised. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor for application in a cost‐effective low‐power handheld e‐nose system.
744 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cross-Reactive Chemical Sensor Arra..."
...…of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications K. Arshak, E. Moore, G.M. Lyons, J. Harris and S. Clifford Sensor Review Volume 24 · Number 2 · 2004 · 181–198 resolving some types of analytes, high sensitivity to humidity (Albert and Lewis, 2000) and the sensor response can drift with time....
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...Electrode thickness can range from 1 to 10mm and the electrode gap is typically 10-50mm (Albert and Lewis, 2000; Guadarrama et al., 2000)....
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...In the case of catalytic metals, such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and iridium (Ir), the gate material is thermally evaporated onto the gate oxide surface through a mask forming 100-400 nm thick films or 3-30 nm thin films depending on the application (Albert and Lewis, 2000)....
[...]
...…with sorption of a vapour is given by Df ¼ Df pcvKp=rp ð7Þ where Dfp is the change in frequency caused by the membrane, cv is the vapour concentration, Kp is the partition coefficient, rp is the density of the polymer membrane used (Albert and Lewis, 2000; Nagle et al., 1998; Pearce et al., 2003)....
[...]
...the electron density on the polymeric chains (Albert and Lewis, 2000)....
[...]
TL;DR: This work demonstrates the construction of novel nanomaterial-based protein detector arrays with potential applications in medical diagnostics, and can be quantitatively differentiated by linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
Abstract: A sensor array containing six non-covalent gold nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer conjugates has been created to detect, identify and quantify protein targets. The polymer fluorescence is quenched by gold nanoparticles; the presence of proteins disrupts the nanoparticle-polymer interaction, producing distinct fluorescence response patterns. These patterns are highly repeatable and are characteristic for individual proteins at nanomolar concentrations, and can be quantitatively differentiated by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Based on a training matrix generated at protein concentrations of an identical ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (A280 = 0.005), LDA, combined with ultraviolet measurements, has been successfully used to identify 52 unknown protein samples (seven different proteins) with an accuracy of 94.2%. This work demonstrates the construction of novel nanomaterial-based protein detector arrays with potential applications in medical diagnostics.
717 citations
06 Mar 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the principle of operation and design of the most popular chemical sensors for measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in outdoor and indoor air, including pellistors and IR-absorption sensors as well as the sensors for detecting toxic compounds such as electrochemical (amperometric), photoionization and semiconductor with solid electrolyte ones.
Abstract: The paper presents principle of operation and design of the most popular chemical sensors for measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in outdoor and indoor air. It describes the sensors for evaluation of explosion risk including pellistors and IR-absorption sensors as well as the sensors for detection of toxic compounds such as electrochemical (amperometric), photoionization and semiconductor with solid electrolyte ones. Commercially available sensors for detection of VOCs and their metrological parameters—measurement range, limit of detection, measurement resolution, sensitivity and response time—were presented. Moreover, development trends and prospects of improvement of the metrological parameters of these sensors were highlighted.
192 citations
TL;DR: This Account presents a survey of recent advances in electrochemical sensing technology relevant to green analytical chemistry and examines the potential advantages, limitations, and applications of these monitoring devices.
Abstract: This Account presents a survey of recent advances in electrochemical sensing technology relevant to green analytical chemistry and examines the potential advantages, limitations, and applications of these monitoring devices. Stricter environmental control and effective process monitoring have created considerable demands for innovative analytical methodologies. New devices and protocols, with negligible waste generation or no hazardous substances, and in situ real-time monitoring capability are particularly needed for addressing the challenges of green analytical chemistry. The coupling of modern electrochemical detection principles with recent advances in molecular recognition, microelectronics, and microfabrication has led to powerful, compact, and "user-friendly" analytical devices. The unique features of such electrochemical monitoring systems make them particularly attractive for addressing environmental and industrial problems and the challenges of green chemistry. These developments allow the instrument to be taken to the sample (rather than the traditional way of bringing the sample to the laboratory) and hence to ensure effective process or pollution control.
185 citations
TL;DR: This demonstration represents the first nanotechnology-inspired demonstration on the selective supersensitive detection of explosives, including the nitro- and peroxide-derivatives, on a single electronic platform, and may allow the remote detection of various explosives, a task unachieved by existing detection technologies.
Abstract: The capability to detect traces of explosives sensitively, selectively and rapidly could be of great benefit for applications relating to civilian national security and military needs. Here, we show that, when chemically modified in a multiplexed mode, nanoelectrical devices arrays enable the supersensitive discriminative detection of explosive species. The fingerprinting of explosives is achieved by pattern recognizing the inherent kinetics, and thermodynamics, of interaction between the chemically modified nanosensors array and the molecular analytes under test. This platform allows for the rapid detection of explosives, from air collected samples, down to the parts-per-quadrillion concentration range, and represents the first nanotechnology-inspired demonstration on the selective supersensitive detection of explosives, including the nitro- and peroxide-derivatives, on a single electronic platform. Furthermore, the ultrahigh sensitivity displayed by our platform may allow the remote detection of various explosives, a task unachieved by existing detection technologies.
177 citations
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TL;DR: Conventional approaches to chemical sensors have traditionally made use of a “lock-and-key” design, wherein a specific receptor is synthesized in order to strongly and highly selectively bind the analyte of interest.
Abstract: Conventional approaches to chemical sensors have
traditionally made use of a “lock-and-key” design,
wherein a specific receptor is synthesized in order to
strongly and highly selectively bind the analyte of
interest.1-6 A related approach involves exploiting a
general physicochemical effect selectively toward a
single analyte, such as the use of the ionic effect in
the construction of a pH electrode. In the first
approach, selectivity is achieved through recognition
of the analyte at the receptor site, and in the second,
selectivity is achieved through the transduction
process in which the method of detection dictates
which species are sensed. Such approaches are appropriate
when a specific target compound is to be
identified in the presence of controlled backgrounds
and interferences. However, this type of approach
requires the synthesis of a separate, highly selective
sensor for each analyte to be detected. In addition,
this type of approach is not particularly useful for
analyzing, classifying, or assigning human value
judgments to the composition of complex vapor
mixtures such as perfumes, beers, foods, mixtures of
solvents, etc.
1,192 citations