Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases
Colin R. Parrish,Edward C. Holmes,David M. Morens,Eun Chung Park,Donald S. Burke,Charles H. Calisher,Catherine A. Laughlin,Linda J. Saif,Peter Daszak +8 more
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TLDR
What is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples is reviewed, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.Abstract:
Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.read more
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Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis
Stephen Morse,Stephen Morse,Jonna A. K. Mazet,Mark E. J. Woolhouse,Colin R. Parrish,Dennis Carroll,William B. Karesh,William B. Karesh,Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio,W. Ian Lipkin,Peter Daszak +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review what is known about the pathogens that emerge, the hosts that they originate in, and the factors that drive their emergence and discuss challenges to their control and new efforts to predict pandemics.
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Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals
Kevin J. Olival,Parviez R. Hosseini,Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio,Noam Ross,Tiffany L. Bogich,Peter Daszak +5 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders, and the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of ‘missing viruses’ and ‘ Missing zoonoses’ are identified and therefore of highest value for future surveillance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation.
TL;DR: The evolution of influenza A viruses in their reservoir hosts is reviewed and genetic changes associated with introduction of novel viruses into humans, leading to pandemics and the establishment of seasonal viruses are discussed.
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Pathways to zoonotic spillover
Raina K. Plowright,Colin R. Parrish,Hamish McCallum,Peter J. Hudson,Albert I. Ko,Andrea L. Graham,James O. Lloyd-Smith +6 more
TL;DR: A synthetic framework for animal-to-human transmission that integrates the relevant mechanisms reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses
Jan Felix Drexler,Victor M. Corman,Marcel A. Müller,Gael Darren Maganga,Peter Vallo,Tabea Binger,Florian Gloza-Rausch,Andrea Rasche,Stoian Yordanov,Antje Seebens,Samuel K. Oppong,Yaw Adu Sarkodie,Célestin Pongombo,Alexander N. Lukashev,Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit,Andreas Stöcker,Aroldo José Borges Carneiro,Stephanie Erbar,Andrea Maisner,Florian Fronhoffs,Reinhard Buettner,Elisabeth K. V. Kalko,Thomas Kruppa,Carlos Roberto Franke,René Kallies,Emmanuel R. N. Yandoko,Georg Herrler,Chantal B.E.M. Reusken,Alexandre Hassanin,Detlev H. Krüger,Sonja Matthee,Rainer G. Ulrich,Eric M. Leroy,Christian Drosten +33 more
TL;DR: Major discoveries include evidence of an origin of Hendra- and Nipah virus in Africa, identification of a bat virus conspecific with the human mumps virus, detection of close relatives of respiratory syncytial virus, mouse pneumonia- and canine distemper virus in bats, as well as direct evidence of Sendai virus in rodents.
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