Cultural Continuity as a Hedge against Suicide in Canada's First Nations
Summary (3 min read)
Author Notes:
- If, each of us is under a primary definitional obligation to repeatedly work out some justificatory means of warranting their belief in their own personal persistence, then the prospect is raised that, as young persons develop more workable conceptions of their own identity, their ways of warranting their convictions about self-continuity might also change apace.
- No one seriously doubts that all of these social factors contribute to the fact that, as a group, First Nations people commit suicide at rates that are, by various estimates, some 3 to 5 times greater than that of the non-native population (Cooper, Corrado, Karlberg & Pelletier Adams, 1992; Kirmayer, 1994).
- Each of the governmental agencies responsible for the sources of population data that figure into their analyses also employed their own classification procedures for identifying persons as “Native.”.
Band & Tribal Council Affiliation
- Because some of BC’s bands contain too few members to support their being singled out for statistical treatment, as a corrective, the authors have, for certain of their analyses, followed the common practice of categorizing bands with reference to the particular “tribal council” to which they belong.
- For the period under study, there existed 29 cultural/political alliances generally known as tribal councils.
- While some of these councils are historical in character, reflecting a common language and a shared traditional land base, others are more political in nature, aligning bands that, in the past, belonged to different tribal groupings.
- Each suicide was classified as belonging to not only a particular band, but also to one or another of these tribal councils using data from provincial (BC Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs) and federal sources (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada).
Language Group
- When bands were classified according to language group, the observed youth suicide rate again varied quite dramatically, ranging from 0 to 208.3 suicides per 100,000.
- The 11 language groups with rates above zero are arrayed (again by number rather than name) in Figure 4.
Population Density & Geographic Location
- Many of the measures to be reported here are obviously influenced to some extent by the size and geographic location of the community.
- Sparsely populated communities in remote regions of the province, for example, will rarely be able to sustain permanent health care facilities or resident health care providers.
- A total of 220 suicides during this same period were judged by the Coroner’s Office to have been committed by “Native” persons, resulting in an annual rate of 45.2 suicides per 100,000.
- These rates are displayed in graphic form below .
- In order to compensate for differences in the relative proportion of young persons within each population, age standardized mortality rates for 15-24-year-olds were calculated separately for the Native and Non-Native groups.
Political Affiliation
- Youth suicide rates were collected for the 196 individual Native bands under study.
- When these communities were collapsed into larger groupings according to their membership in one of the 29 tribal councils within the province, rates varied again from a low of zero (true for 6 tribal councils) to a high of 633 suicides per 100,000.
- Because the youth population within certain of these separate groups is relatively small, and because such rates can misinform, Figure 3, which displays suicide rate by tribal council, omits the names of these councils out of their own wish to avoid identifying individual communities.
- The 6 tribal councils without recorded acts of suicide are also omitted from this figure.
Population Density
- The authors measure of population density resulted in a mean of 3.84 persons per dwelling structure (range=1.25–8.33).
- The computed correlation between the youth suicide rate and popula- tion density was essentially zero: r = -0.05.
Geographic Location
- First Nations youth known to have committed suicide during the study period were classified in terms of whether their band of origin was either “urban,” “rural,” or “remote” using a categorization scheme developed by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada which combines weighted measures of both population and geography.
- The categorization of bands in terms of their placement along a dimension of increasing urbanization, for example, similarly counts as a demonstration of intra-band variability, as does the fact that major differences in suicide rates also characterize the 16 different language communities that cut across the provinces’ various bands.
- One of these was that, rather than starting with purpose-built marker variables of their own design, the authors were obliged to work with the kinds of information routinely collected by various government agencies, and to jerry-build a set of after-the-fact proxy variables meant as indirect measures of cultural continuity.
Education Services
- Communities differed widely in terms of the arrangements made with local and provincial education authorities for the purpose of schooling their children.
- In the 1980s, changes were made to the various federal and provincial laws concerning the funding of education services to Native children residing on reserves.
- These changes included provisions that allowed individual bands to exercise some control over education funding through agreements negotiated with local school districts.
- While the details of these individual agreements were not easily available, one effect of this process could be measured by calculating the percentage of community youth who attended band administered schools.
- Data derived from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada were used to divide communities into those in which the majority of students either did or did not attend a band school.
Police & Fire Services
- Finally, communities that control police and fire services contain 62.1% of all Native youth, but account for only 56.7% of all youth suicides, resulting in suicide rates of 99.0 and 123.7.
- Inferential statistics of the sort often employed as a hedge against the possibility of having drawn non-representative samples are inappropriate.
- Rather, these comparative rates are best judged by standards of practical or clinical significance, and considered as “cases in point” when viewed in relation to possible comparison groups.
- These findings were then quantified as a percentage reduction in the relative risk of suicide within the group of communities in which the factor was present.
- For the remaining variables, the percentage reduction in relative risk were: Land Claims 41%; Education 52%; Health 29%; Cultural Facilities 23%; and Police/Fire 20%.
Summing Across Cultural Factors
- To assess the overall effect of these markers of cultural continuity, each community was assigned a single point for each factor present and thus a total score varying from 0 to 6.
- The authors began by focusing attention on what is presently understood about the place of selfcontinuity in the normal identity formation process and by detailing how young persons ordinarily progress through a common sequence of increasingly adequate self-continuity warranting practices.
- Adolescent suicide and the loss of personal continuity.
- University of California Press, also known as Berkeley.
Self Government
- 201 of 17,902) reside in communities that enjoy some measure of self-government, this factor appears to provide the greatest protective value with an estimated 102.8 fewer suicides per 100,000 youth within communities that have attained self-government against those that have not (18.2 vs. 121.0 suicides per 100,000).
- Comparative suicide rates for this and other cultural factors are shown in Figure 5.
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...This found that high levels of group-based self-esteem (associated with retention of control over one’s own fate) were a major protective factor against chronic illness (see also Chandler & Lalonde, 1998; Michinov, Fouquereau, & Fernandez, 2008)....
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...One study demonstrated that cultural empowerment among Native communities, in the form of civil and governmental sovereignty and the presence of a building for cultural activities, had a strong inverse relationship with youth suicide (23)....
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References
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"Cultural Continuity as a Hedge agai..." refers background in this paper
...As Harré (1979), Rorty (1976), and a host of other contemporary philosophers (Maclntyre, 1977; Wiggins, 1971) have pointed out, the job of working out how even the simplest of things, let alone impossibly complex human selves, might achieve some kind of enduring identity needs to be counted among the oldest and most intractable of philosophical problems....
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"Cultural Continuity as a Hedge agai..." refers background in this paper
...While there is some evidence that Native Americans are becoming more likely to identify themselves as “Native” for US census purposes ( Nagel, 1995 ), there is no documentation of a comparable trend in Canada, where First Nations have been known, for political reasons, to refuse to participate in census taking....
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Frequently Asked Questions (12)
Q2. What was used to calculate the number of communal facilities located in each community?
Community profile data from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and information obtained directly from individual band offices was used to calculate the number of communal facilities located in each community.
Q3. How long have the indigenous peoples lived in this isolated pattern of ecosystems?
The indigenous peoples living within this highly varied and often geographically isolated pattern of ecosystems have spent upwards of 10,000 years situating themselves with regard to their own local circumstance.
Q4. What are the main factors that make the whole province a cultural collective?
Different languages, kinship patterns, religious beliefs, and economic practices (to name but a few) have naturally sprung up, making the whole of this province’s First Nations a cultural collective only in the most abstract of statistical senses.
Q5. How many bands of BC Native youth experienced no suicide in a 5-year period?
In the present study, a total of 111 bands, containing just under half of all BC Native youth, experienced no youth suicides at all in a 5-year period.
Q6. What percentage of suicides occur in communities that have some measure of control?
A slight minority of the youth population (46.4%) live within communities that have some measure of control the provision of health care services and, as expected, an even smaller percentage of youth suicides (38.1) occur in such communities, resulting in comparative rates of 89.0 and 125.1.
Q7. What did the authors do to account for the differences in suicide rates among BC’s First Nations?
In their efforts to account for these differences, the authors worked to navigate around those often circular suggestions that youth suicide is the result of depression, or social isolation, or other personal or interpersonal factors that sometimes accompany (but poorly predict) suicidal behaviors, by searching more directly for possible connections between personal and cultural continuity.
Q8. What is the significance of the markers of cultural continuity used in this study?
Each of the six markers of cultural continuity employed here was found to be associated with a clinically important reduction in the rate of youth suicide.
Q9. How did the authors avoid the traps of stereotypy and blame casting?
In doing so, the authors struggled to avoid the familiar traps of stereotypy and blame casting by first bringing out the variability in youth suicide rates that characterize different aboriginal communities, and then by working to identify possible protective factors against suicide contained within the various efforts of BC’s First Nations communities to preserve and promote a sense of cultural continuity in their members.
Q10. Why did the BC coroner choose to omit the names of the tribal councils?
Because the youth population within certain of these separate groups is relatively small, and because such rates can misinform, Figure 3, which displays suicide rate by tribal council, omits the names of these councils out of their own wish to avoid identifying individual communities.
Q11. What are the expectations that have brought us to the hypothesis that the steps being taken by certain First?
at least, are the expectations that have brought us to the hypothesis that the steps being taken by certain First Nations communities to protect and rehabilitate the continuity of their own culture might be shown to work as protective factors against the current epidemic of suicide among native youth.
Q12. What is the reason to suppose that adolescents are at risk of going adrift?
That is, if navigating the usual course of identity development necessarily requires tacking one’s way back and forth between one qualitatively different self-continuity warranting strategy and the next, and if, while momentarily “between stays,” one is at special risk to temporarily going adrift by losing any workable sense of self-continuity, then the prospect arises that, adolescents, more than most, will also end up losing all proper care and concern about their own future well-being.