Book•
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
01 Jan 1991-
TL;DR: In this article, the differences in the way strategists and their followers think are discussed, and practical solutions for those in business to help solve conflict between different groups are proposed, with a focus on how to find common problems which demand cooperation for the solution of these problems.
Abstract: Despite calls for better co-operation between countries and different cultures, there is still confrontation between people, groups and nations. But at the same time they are exposed to common problems which demand cooperation for the solution of these problems. This book helps to understand the differences in the way strategists and their followers think, offering practical solutions for those in business to help solve conflict between different groups.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review a diverse set of literatures that directly address proactive behavior in organizational contexts and describe four constructs related to proactive behavior: proactive personality, personal initiative, role breadth self-efficacy, and taking charge.
1,873 citations
Cites background from "Cultures and Organizations: Softwar..."
...National culture (operationalized via Hofstede’s dimensions [Hofstede, 1991]), occupation, employment experience, and mobility experience all explained variance in the career initiatives....
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TL;DR: Cor conservation of resources (COR) theory has become one of the most widely cited theories in organizational psychology and organizational behavior and has been adopted across the many areas of the stress spectrum, from burnout to traumatic stress.
Abstract: Over the past 30 years, conservation of resources (COR) theory has become one of the most widely cited theories in organizational psychology and organizational behavior. COR theory has been adopted across the many areas of the stress spectrum, from burnout to traumatic stress. Further attesting to the theory's centrality, COR theory is largely the basis for the more work-specific leading theory of organizational stress, namely the job demands-resources model. One of the major advantages of COR theory is its ability to make a wide range of specific hypotheses that are much broader than those offered by theories that focus on a single central resource, such as control, or that speak about resources in general. In this article, we will revisit the principles and corollaries of COR theory that inform those more specific hypotheses and will review research in organizational behavior that has relied on the theory.
1,852 citations
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TL;DR: The authors developed a theoretical model to describe and explain variation in corporate governance among advanced capitalist economies, identifying the social relations and institutional arrangements that shape who controls corporations, what interests corporations serve, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities among corporate stakeholders.
Abstract: We develop a theoretical model to describe and explain variation in corporate governance among advanced capitalist economies, identifying the social relations and institutional arrangements that shape who controls corporations, what interests corporations serve, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities among corporate stakeholders. Our “actor-centered” institutional approach explains firm-level corporate governance practices in terms of institutional factors that shape how actors' interests are defined (“socially constructed”) and represented. Our model has strong implications for studying issues of international convergence.
1,827 citations
Cites background from "Cultures and Organizations: Softwar..."
...We do not provide a typology to encompass the diversity of managerial ideologies, such as German corporatism, the French cadre system, or British laissez-faire (Egan, 1997), or national cultures (Hofstede, 1997)....
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The Relevance of Discourse Discourse Structures Context Reproduction From Cognition to Discourse Persuasion Legitimation Ideological DiscourseStructures The Ideology and Discourse of Modern Racism Conclusions as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Introduction PART ONE: COGNITION Ideas and Beliefs Social Beliefs Structures and Strategies Structures of Ideologies Values Mental Models Consistency Consciousness Common Sense Knowledge and Truth Identity Social Cognition PART TWO: SOCIETY Ideology and Society Groups Group Relations Elites Dominant Ideologies? Institutions PART THREE: DISCOURSE The Relevance of Discourse Discourse Structures Context Reproduction From Cognition to Discourse Persuasion Legitimation Ideological Discourse Structures The Ideology and Discourse of Modern Racism Conclusions
1,787 citations
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TL;DR: An integrated model of information systems (IS) adoption in small businesses is developed and data analysis shows that small businesses with certain CEO characteristics, innovation characteristics, and organizational characteristics are more likely to adopt IS.
Abstract: Based on theories from the technological innovation literature, this study develops an integrated model of information systems (IS) adoption in small businesses. The model specifies contextual variables such as decision-maker characteristics, IS characteristics, organizational characteristics, and environmental characteristics as primary determinants of IS adoption in small businesses. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 166 small businesses. Data analysis shows that small businesses with certain CEO characteristics (innovativeness and level of IS knowledge), innovation characteristics (relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity of IS), and organizational characteristics (business size and level of employees' IS knowledge) are more likely to adopt IS. While CEO and innovation characteristics are important determinants of the decision to adopt, they do not affect the extent of IS adoption. The extent of IS adoption is mainly determined by organizational characteristics. Finally, the environmental characteristic of competition has no direct effect on small business adoption of IS.
1,676 citations