Cumulative Causation and Industrial Evolution: Kaldor's Four Stages of Industrialization as an Evolutionary Model
TL;DR: In this article, Kaldor's Four Stages of Industrialization as an Evolutionary Model is presented. But the model does not consider the relationship between the four stages of industrialization.
Abstract: (1996). Cumulative Causation and Industrial Evolution: Kaldor’s Four Stages of Industrialization as an Evolutionary Model. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 97-119.
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Dissertation•
13 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of the population in Adam Smith's theories of population and developpement, i.e., le lien entre division du travail and etendue du marche; the theorie des quatre stades du progres de la societe; and le lion entre developement rural and urbain, lui-meme au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberte du commerce.
Abstract: La population - en son sens originel de processus de peuplement - est un sujet etonnamment absent de l'enorme volume d’etudes sur Adam Smith. Ce theme etait au centre de la philosophie morale et de l'economie politique du 18e siecle, les deux domaines auxquels les contributions de Smith sont les plus connues. Son importance dans l’œuvre de Smith a ete obscurcie au 20e siecle par une focalisation etroite sur les questions economiques dans la litterature secondaire. Pour une analyse integrale de son œuvre, il est essentiel que la place centrale du peuplement soit revelee. Trois themes aujourd'hui consideres comme essentiels au projet de Smith sont ainsi intimement lies a la population : le lien entre division du travail et etendue du marche ; la theorie des quatre stades du progres de la societe ; et le lien entre developpement rural et urbain, lui-meme au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberte du commerce. Le marche est un concept aujourd'hui assimile au fonctionnement du systeme economique capitaliste ; pour Smith, il decrivait la faculte de commercer, aux vecteurs essentiellement demographiques et geographiques. Le progres de la societe est a la fois cause et effet de la croissance de la population. En son sein se trouve l'interrelation symbiotique entre le developpement rural et urbain que Smith appelait le «progres naturel de l'opulence». Adopter l’optique smithienne plutot que neo-malthusienne dans l'examen des dynamiques de population et de developpement - y compris l'analyse de la transition demographique - conduit alors a une reconsideration fondamentale des interactions causales entre mortalite, fecondite, richesse et variables institutionnelles.
106 citations
TL;DR: A key item on the agenda of the Doha Round of trade negotiations is liberalization of trade in industrial products or, in the terminology of the WTO, non-agricultural market access, NAMA.
Abstract: A key item on the agenda of the Doha Round of trade negotiations is liberalization of trade in industrial products or, in the terminology of the WTO, “non-agricultural market access”, NAMA. Despite its significance for industrialization and development, and the difficulties encountered in negotiations, this issue has not attracted much public attention in large part because the recent discussion has focussed primarily on agriculture. The framework adopted for modalities for negotiations for NAMA, as contained in Annex B of the so-called July Package (WTO 2004b), and based primarily on the proposals made by developed countries, stipulates reduction of industrial tariffs in both developed and developing countries according to a formula yet to be agreed. There are several proposals on the table, including linear formulas wherein tariffs would be cut by a certain rate regardless of their levels, and non-linear formulas which would reduce higher tariffs by greater rates, thereby bringing harmonization both across countries and tariff lines. Almost all the formulas so far proposed would entail deep cuts in bound and/or applied industrial tariffs of developing countries. But this is much more so in formulas proposed by developed countries.
46 citations
Cites background from "Cumulative Causation and Industrial..."
...See also UNCTAD (2003, pp. 92-93)....
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...See also Akyüz (2005, Part II)....
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...Four different categories of products (industries) are selected according to a broad classification developed in UNCTAD (1996, pp. 116-117; and 2002, Annex to chapter III): resource-based and labour-intensive manufactures (RL), and low (LT), medium (MT) 13 See Argyrous (1996) who distinguishes between low-end and high-end capital goods with the former referring to standard, off-the-shelf equipment, the latter to custom-made machinery built for special purposes....
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...See also O’Rourke and Williamson (2000, chaps....
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...See Dorman (2001) for a critical assessment....
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TL;DR: The authors explored the policy program of industrial upgrading and innovation in national strategic emerging industries, regional innovation and industrial cluster plans, space and ocean industrial strategies and places China's policy trajectories for industrial development, technology innovation and upgrading in context of institutional economic analysis.
Abstract: China's transition economy experiment continues to rely heavily on state-driven industrial policy to structure the economy. In 2016, five-year plans on strategic emerging industries were formed by State Council ministries and transmitted to lower levels of government bureaucracy. Building on existing industrial geographic complementarities and technology clusters, developments were expected to dovetail with broader 13th Five-Year Plan and Made in China 2025 industrial policy trajectories. This article explores the policy program of industrial upgrading and innovation in national strategic emerging industries, regional innovation and industrial cluster plans, space and ocean industrial strategies and places China's policy trajectories for industrial development, technology innovation and upgrading in context of institutional economic analysis.
44 citations
Cites background from "Cumulative Causation and Industrial..."
...…China’s technological and industrial policy from a Kaldorian economic geography perspective, citing regional industrial policy and institutional economic theory and reviewing the geographic industrial clusters responsible for enacting state industrial (Argyrous 1996; Toner 1999; Fujita 2004)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce nonhomothetic preferences into an R&D based growth model to study how demand forces shape the impact of inequality on innovation and growth, and they find that when this productivity gap is small, a redistribution from the rich to the poor increases market sizes and speeds up growth.
Abstract: We introduce non-homothetic preferences into an R&D based growth model to study how demand forces shape the impact of inequality on innovation and growth. Inequality affects the incentive to innovate via a price effect and a market size effect. When innovators have a large productivity advantage over traditional producers a higher extent of inequality tends to increase innovators’ prices and mark-ups. When this productivity gap is small, however, a redistribution from the rich to the poor increases market sizes and speeds up growth.
25 citations
11 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In el presente articulo, basado en los postulados de Kaldor sobre las fases del desarrollo, se concluye que, a pesar de haberse modernizado gracias al proceso de apertura economica, the estructura industrial brasilena muestra una evolucion caracterizada by el aumento de la participación en la produccion de bienes de bajo contenido tecnologico.
Abstract: En el presente articulo, basado en los postulados de Kaldor sobre las fases del desarrollo, se concluye que —a pesar de haberse modernizado gracias al proceso de apertura economica— la estructura industrial brasilena muestra una evolucion caracterizada por el aumento de la participacion en la produccion de bienes de bajo contenido tecnologico. La tendencia a la apreciacion del real, al comienzo de la apertura economica, influyo positivamente en la modernizacion del parque tecnologico brasileno, pero su prolongacion en los ultimos anos —en el marco de una elevada liquidez internacional para los paises emergentes— pone en peligro la evolucion del sector manufacturero nacional. Esta podria sufrir un retroceso tecnologico, proceso que segun el principio de causalidad circular acumulativa afecta negativamente a la capacidad de encadenamiento del sector industrial con los demas sectores de actividad y acentua la dependencia externa de la economia a largo plazo
20 citations
Cites background from "Cumulative Causation and Industrial..."
...Argyrous (1996) afirma que en las dos primeras fases se podrían crear las condiciones necesarias para que la economía se especializara en la producción de bienes de capital, que conduce a la II siguiente fase3....
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...Argyrous (1996) estima que el éxito de las exportaciones de bienes de capital se genera después de un largo período de desarrollo acumulativo generado por la producción en masa de las industrias nacionales que utilizan bienes de capital....
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References
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TL;DR: The Second Industrial Divide as discussed by the authors is a history of the economic crisis of the 1980s and its consequences on American social and economic history, with a focus on the second industrial divide, the moments at which choices are made that fix the future course of industrial develop-
Abstract: This is a book unlikely to be read by historians. Or rather, they may read it, but in their capacity as citizens concerned as the book's subtitle puts it about "Possibilities for Prosperity." The Second Industrial Divide is indeed a work of contemporary analysis. Like other books this publishing season, it is intended to give us the lowdown about the economic crisis of the 1980s. But this one is also very much a work of history. The book is remarkable in general for its intellectual breadth, but in particular for its reliance on recent scholarship in American social and economic history. More than that, it is deeply historical in perspective and sensitive to the contingent, complex nature of industrial change. Historians are accustomed to draw on the social sciences. In this book, the terms of trade have shifted. Historical scholarship contributes crucially to the making of The Second Industrial Divide. What it offers in return are not the standard commodities of socialscience industry not conceptual and methodological tools that can be appropriated for the historian's use but lessons in the art of sweeping historical analysis and conclusions about the nature of industrial change worth pondering by historians. Michael Piore is a labor economist, well known for his work on labormarket segmentation and labor migration. Charles Sabel, the younger of the two, is the author of Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry (1982), a highly original comparative analysis of shop-floor relations in modern industrial systems. Both are MacArthur Fellows and members of a notable assemblage of MIT social scientists working on industrial relations and technological change. Piore and Sabel can perhaps best be characterized as modern-day institutionalists and, like John R. Commons in his time, contemporary empirical analysis has led them to a serious engagement with history. The key concept of their book is that of "industrial divides" the moments at which choices are made that fix the future course of industrial develop-
3,778 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss and promote Karl Marx's influential method of studying technology as the result of interrelated social processes, emphasizing the mutual interaction between technology and the economy, and conclude that scientific progress is heavily influenced by technological considerations that are, in turn, shaped by industry and economics.
Abstract: Explores how technological innovation has shaped and been shaped by science, industry, and economics in the twentieth century. Technological change and specific technologies have impacted productivity, the learning process, technology transfer and technology policies. Starting with a summary of historical literature on technical progress, the book goes on to discuss and promote Karl Marx's influential method of studying technology as the result of interrelated social processes -- especially emphasizing the mutual interaction between technology and the economy. Analysis of current empirical studies shows the need for an enlarged framework for understanding the relation between the economy and technical change. Technological interdependence in the American economy is analyzed, and later expanded to encompass international business. High-tech industries are discussed as particularly reliant upon scientific research. The commercial aircraft industry from 1925-75 is also examined, as an exemplary instance in which technological innovation and government support and regulation allowed for economic success. The book concludes that scientific progress is heavily influenced by technological considerations that are, in turn, shaped by industry and economics. Thus, decisions made in the private and public sectors should affect both supply and demand, favoring the creative, mutually advantageous connection between science and technology. (CJC)
3,181 citations
TL;DR: Coase, Douglass C. North, Masahiko Aoki, Oliver E. Williamson and Harold Demsetz as mentioned in this paper presented new original contributions from some of the worldâs leading economists.
Abstract: This outstanding book presents new original contributions from some of the worldâs leading economists including Ronald Coase, Douglass C. North, Masahiko Aoki, Oliver E. Williamson and Harold Demsetz. It demonstrates the extent and depth of the New Institutional Economics research programme which is having a worldwide impact on the economics profession.
2,481 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the origins of American technology and the diffusion and adaptation of technology in the early 19th century, focusing devices and inducement mechanisms and focusing devices.
Abstract: Part I. Some origins of American technology: 1. Technological change in the machine tool industry, 1840-1910 2. America's rise to woodworking leadership 3. Anglo-American wage differences in the 1820's Part II. The generation of new technologies: 4. Problems in the economist's conceptualization of technological innovation 5. Neglected dimensions in the analysis of economic change 6. The direction of technological change: inducement mechanisms and focusing devices 7. Karl Marx on the economic role of science Part III. Diffusion and adaptation of technology: 8. Capital goods, technology, and economic growth 9. Economic development and the transfer of technology: some historical perspectives 10. Selection and adaptation in the transfer of technology: steam and iron in America 1800-1870 11. Factors affecting the diffusion of technology Part IV. Natural resources, environment and the growth of knowledge: 12. Technology and the environment: an economic exploration 13. Technological innovation and natural resources: the niggardliness of nature reconsidered 14. Innovative responses to materials shortages 15. Science, invention, and economic growth.
1,600 citations
Book•
[...]
01 Jan 1944
TL;DR: There is a "Negro problem" in the United States and most Americans are aware of it, although it assumes varying forms and intensity in different regions of the country and among diverse groups of the American people.
Abstract: There is a “Negro problem” in the United States and most Americans are aware of it, although it assumes varying forms and intensity in different regions of the country and among diverse groups of the American people. Americans have to react to it, politically as citizens and, where there are Negroes present in the community, privately as neighbors.
1,235 citations