Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena
About: This article is published in Physiological Reviews.The article was published on 1985-01-01. It has received 1607 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Evoked potential & Electroencephalography.
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TL;DR: High-density recordings of field activity in animals and subdural grid recordings in humans can provide insight into the cooperative behaviour of neurons, their average synaptic input and their spiking output, and can increase the understanding of how these processes contribute to the extracellular signal.
Abstract: Neuronal activity in the brain gives rise to transmembrane currents that can be measured in the extracellular medium. Although the major contributor of the extracellular signal is the synaptic transmembrane current, other sources — including Na+ and Ca2+ spikes, ionic fluxes through voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and intrinsic membrane oscillations — can substantially shape the extracellular field. High-density recordings of field activity in animals and subdural grid recordings in humans, combined with recently developed data processing tools and computational modelling, can provide insight into the cooperative behaviour of neurons, their average synaptic input and their spiking output, and can increase our understanding of how these processes contribute to the extracellular signal.
3,366 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the current state of fMRI is given, and the current understanding of the haemodynamic signals and the constraints they impose on neuroimaging data interpretation are presented.
Abstract: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the mainstay of neuroimaging in cognitive neuroscience. Advances in scanner technology, image acquisition protocols, experimental design, and analysis methods promise to push forward fMRI from mere cartography to the true study of brain organization. However, fundamental questions concerning the interpretation of fMRI data abound, as the conclusions drawn often ignore the actual limitations of the methodology. Here I give an overview of the current state of fMRI, and draw on neuroimaging and physiological data to present the current understanding of the haemodynamic signals and the constraints they impose on neuroimaging data interpretation.
3,075 citations
TL;DR: Theta oscillations represent the "on-line" state of the hippocampus and are believed to be critical for temporal coding/decoding of active neuronal ensembles and the modification of synaptic weights.
3,029 citations
Cites background from "Current source-density method and a..."
...Current-source density (CSD) analysis (Mitzdorf, 1985), showing a strong sink in the distinguished: atropine-sensitive and atropine-resistant....
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TL;DR: A plethora of studies will be reviewed on the involvement of long-distance neuronal coherence in cognitive functions such as multisensory integration, working memory, and selective attention, and implications of abnormal neural synchronization are discussed as they relate to mental disorders like schizophrenia and autism.
Abstract: Synchronous rhythms represent a core mechanism for sculpting temporal coordination of neural activity in the brain-wide network. This review focuses on oscillations in the cerebral cortex that occur during cognition, in alert behaving conditions. Over the last two decades, experimental and modeling work has made great strides in elucidating the detailed cellular and circuit basis of these rhythms, particularly gamma and theta rhythms. The underlying physiological mechanisms are diverse (ranging from resonance and pacemaker properties of single cells to multiple scenarios for population synchronization and wave propagation), but also exhibit unifying principles. A major conceptual advance was the realization that synaptic inhibition plays a fundamental role in rhythmogenesis, either in an interneuronal network or in a reciprocal excitatory-inhibitory loop. Computational functions of synchronous oscillations in cognition are still a matter of debate among systems neuroscientists, in part because the notion of regular oscillation seems to contradict the common observation that spiking discharges of individual neurons in the cortex are highly stochastic and far from being clocklike. However, recent findings have led to a framework that goes beyond the conventional theory of coupled oscillators and reconciles the apparent dichotomy between irregular single neuron activity and field potential oscillations. From this perspective, a plethora of studies will be reviewed on the involvement of long-distance neuronal coherence in cognitive functions such as multisensory integration, working memory, and selective attention. Finally, implications of abnormal neural synchronization are discussed as they relate to mental disorders like schizophrenia and autism.
1,774 citations
Cites background from "Current source-density method and a..."
...Yet, it is generally held that LFP primarily reflects synaptic inputs rather than spiking outputs (37, 164, 690)....
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...There is a reasonable consensus that LFP is a weighted spatial average of the flow of currents along the dendrosomatic axis of pyramidal neurons (144, 201, 202, 690)....
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TL;DR: CFC might serve as a mechanism to transfer information from large-scale brain networks operating at behavioral timescales to the fast, local cortical processing required for effective computation and synaptic modification, thus integrating functional systems across multiple spatiotemporal scales.
1,701 citations