Current status of seismo-electromagnetics for short-term earthquake prediction

doi:10.1080/19475705.2010.486933

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Current status of seismo-electromagnetics for short-term earthquake prediction

Journal Article•DOI•

Current status of seismo-electromagnetics for short-term earthquake prediction

Masashi Hayakawa¹, Yasuhide Hobara¹•Institutions (1)

University of Electro-Communications¹

23 Jun 2010-Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk (Taylor & Francis)-Vol. 1, Iss: 2, pp 115-155

TL;DR: In this paper, short-term (timescale of hours, days and weeks) earthquake (EQ) prediction is of essential importance to mitigate EQ disasters, which is based on seismic measurement.

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Abstract: Short-term (timescale of hours, days and weeks) earthquake (EQ) prediction is of essential importance to mitigate EQ disasters. Short-term EQ prediction has so far been based on seismic measurement...

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Journal Article•DOI•

A Survey of Internet of Things (IoT) for Geohazard Prevention: Applications, Technologies, and Challenges

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Gang Mei¹, Nengxiong Xu¹, Jiayu Qin¹, Bowen Wang¹, Pian Qi¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)¹

01 May 2020-IEEE Internet of Things Journal

TL;DR: The applications of the IoT in the monitoring and early warning of seven types of common geohazards, including landslides, debris flow, rockfall, surface subsidence, surface collapse, surface cracks, and earthquakes, are surveyed and the challenges are summarized.

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Abstract: Geologic hazards (geohazards) are naturally occurring or human-activity-induced geologic conditions capable of causing damage or loss of property and/or life. geohazards, such as landslides, surface subsidence, and earthquakes, can seriously affect and threaten life, property, or public safety. geohazards prevention is the application of geologic engineering principles and existing and emerging technologies to reduce, minimize, or prevent the effects of various geologic hazards. Monitoring and early warning are the most common strategies for geohazards prevention. With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), an emerging new idea is to apply IoT technology to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring and early warning systems for geohazards prevention. This article aims to present a comprehensive survey of relevant research and technological developments of the IoT applied in geohazards prevention. It first surveys the applications of the IoT in the monitoring and early warning of seven types of common geohazards, including landslides, debris flow, rockfall, surface subsidence, surface collapse, surface cracks, and earthquakes, then investigates the key technologies in geohazards prevention when utilizing the IoT, and finally summarizes the challenges in IoT-based monitoring and early warning systems for geohazards prevention. Moreover, this article also highlights the future directions for employing the IoT for geohazards prevention.

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104 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Statistical mechanics and information-theoretic perspectives on complexity in the earth system

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Georgios Balasis¹, Reik V. Donner², Reik V. Donner³, Stelios M. Potirakis, Jakob Runge², Jakob Runge⁴, Constantinos Papadimitriou⁵, Constantinos Papadimitriou¹, Ioannis A. Daglis⁵, Ioannis A. Daglis¹, Konstantinos Eftaxias⁵, Juergen Kurths⁴ - Show less +8 more•Institutions (5)

ASTRON¹, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research², Max Planck Society³, Humboldt University of Berlin⁴, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens⁵

07 Nov 2013-Entropy

TL;DR: This review provides a summary of methods originated in (non-equilibrium) statistical mechanics and information theory, which have recently found successful applications to quantitatively studying complexity in various components of the complex system Earth.

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Abstract: This review provides a summary of methods originated in (non-equilibrium) statistical mechanics and information theory, which have recently found successful applications to quantitatively studying complexity in various components of the complex system Earth. Specifically, we discuss two classes of methods: (i) entropies of different kinds (e.g., on the one hand classical Shannon and R´enyi entropies, as well as non-extensive Tsallis entropy based on symbolic dynamics techniques and, on the other hand, approximate entropy, sample entropy and fuzzy entropy); and (ii) measures of statistical interdependence and causality (e.g., mutual information and generalizations thereof, transfer entropy, momentary information transfer). We review a number of applications and case studies utilizing the above-mentioned methodological approaches for studying contemporary problems in some exemplary fields of the Earth sciences, highlighting the potentials of different techniques.

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93 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

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Valery Sorokin, Masashi Hayakawa

06 May 2013-Modern Applied Science

TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of earthquake preparation processes on the ionosphere through the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere-ionosphere electric circuit is considered based on the satellite and ground-based experimental data of electric fields, plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an earthquake.

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Abstract: This paper reviews modeling of the influence of earthquake (EQ) preparation processes on the ionosphere through the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere–ionosphere electric circuit. Our consideration is based on the satellite-and ground-based experimental data of electric fields, plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an EQ. We have ruled out the models which are not consistent with the experimental data on the electric fields in the ionosphere and also on the ground surface. There has then been proposed a new model of the generation of electric field on the basis of injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere, and we discuss the mechanism of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. It is then shown that such changes in the electric field within the ionosphere induce a variety of plasma and electromagnetic phenomena associated with an impending EQ.

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56 citations

Cites background from "Current status of seismo-electromag..."

...…& Boyarchuk, 2004; Tronin, 2006; Sorokin, 2007; Molchanov & Hayakawa, 2008; Hayakawa, 2009, 2012; Uyeda et al., 2009; Sorokin & Chmyrev, 2010; Hayakawa & Hobara, 2010), and these phenomena are considered as manifestation for the existence of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies before three major earthquakes by GPS-TEC and GIM-TEC data during 2015–2017

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M. Arslan Tariq, Munawar Shah, Manuel Hernández-Pajares¹, Talat Iqbal•Institutions (1)

Polytechnic University of Catalonia¹

01 Apr 2019-Advances in Space Research

TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented different time interval of pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies, however, this study showed that EQs ionosphere precursors may occur within 10 days.

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49 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Atmospheric gravity waves as a possible candidate for seismo-ionospheric perturbations

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Masashi Hayakawa¹, Y. Kasahara, Takashi Nakamura, Yasuhide Hobara, Alexander Rozhnoi², Maria Solovieva², O. A. Molchanov², Valery Korepanov - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

University of Electro-Communications¹, Russian Academy of Sciences²

01 Jul 2011-Journal of atmospheric electricity

44 citations

Cites methods from "Current status of seismo-electromag..."

..., 2009; Hayakawa and Hobara, 2010)....
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...A statistical study on the AGW modulation in subionospheric VLF/LF data Based on the definition of AGW modulation index described in the previous section, we have proceeded to the statistical analysis of this AGW modulation by using the data over a long-enough term during nine years from 2001 to 2009, as already published by Kasahara et al. (2010). After the careful examination of abundant data for many propagation paths from our Japanese-Pacific VLF/LF network, we have chosen the following propagation paths; (1) JJY-KCH (Kochi), (2) JJY-MSR (Moshiri, Hokkaido), (3) JJY-KCK, (4) JJI-TYM (Tateyama, Chiba), (5)JJI-MSR, and (6) JJI-KCK, where JJI is our second Japanese transmitter located in Miyazaki-prefecture in Kyushu. Kasahara et al. (2010) have considered only the EQs with magnitude (M) larger than 6, because the previous works indicated the significant ionospheric perturbations only for EQs with magnitude, at least, 5....
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...A statistical study on the AGW modulation in subionospheric VLF/LF data Based on the definition of AGW modulation index described in the previous section, we have proceeded to the statistical analysis of this AGW modulation by using the data over a long-enough term during nine years from 2001 to 2009, as already published by Kasahara et al. (2010). After the careful examination of abundant data for many propagation paths from our Japanese-Pacific VLF/LF network, we have chosen the following propagation paths; (1) JJY-KCH (Kochi), (2) JJY-MSR (Moshiri, Hokkaido), (3) JJY-KCK, (4) JJI-TYM (Tateyama, Chiba), (5)JJI-MSR, and (6) JJI-KCK, where JJI is our second Japanese transmitter located in Miyazaki-prefecture in Kyushu....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones

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I. P. Dobrovolsky¹, S. I. Zubkov¹, V. I. Miachkin¹•Institutions (1)

Russian Academy of Sciences¹

01 Sep 1979-Pure and Applied Geophysics

TL;DR: In this article, an approximate solution of the problem for a soft elastic inclusion in an elastic half-space is presented. But the authors assume that the moduli of the inclusion differ slightly from those of the surrounding medium (by no more than 30%).

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Abstract: During the earthquake preparation a zone of cracked rocks is formed in the region of a future earthquake focal zone under the influence of tectonic stresses. In the study of the surrounding medium this region may be considered as a solid inclusion with altered moduli. The inclusion appearance causes a redistribution of the stresses accompanied by corresponding deformations. This paper deals with the study of deformations at the Earth's surface, resulting from the appearance of a soft inclusion. The Appendix contains an approximate solution of the problem for a soft elastic inclusion in an elastic half-space. It is assumed that the moduli of the inclusion differ slightly from those of the surrounding medium (by no more than 30%). The solution permits us to calculate the deformations at the Earth's surface for the inclusion with an arbitrary heterogeneity and anisotropy. The problem is solved by the small perturbation method. The calculation is made for a special case of a homogeneous isotropic inclusion where only the shear modulus decreases. The shear stresses act at infinity. The equations are deduced for the estimation of deformations and tilts at the Earth's surface as a function of the magnitude of the preparing earthquake and the distance from the epicentre. Comparison has shown a satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and field results. Let us assume that the zone of effective manifestation of the precursor deformations is a circle with the centre in the epicentre of the preparing earthquake. The radius of this circle called ‘strain radius’ may be calculated from the equation $$\rho = 10^{0.43M} km,$$ where M is the magnitude. It was shown that the precursors of other physical nature fall into this circle.

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908 citations

"Current status of seismo-electromag..." refers methods in this paper

...By simply using either the formula on the preparation zone size by Dobrovolsky et al. (1979) or the empirical formula on the size of ionospheric perturbations by Ruzhin and Depueva (1996), the radius of the preparation zone or possible ionospheric perturbations is estimated to be of the order of…...
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Book•

Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes

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Sergey Pulinets, K. A. Boyarchuk

01 Jan 2004

TL;DR: The basic components of Seismo-Ionospheric coupling are discussed in this article, as seen from the ground and from space, as well as from the Troposphere and the Earth's magnetic field.

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Abstract: The Basic Components of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling.- Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes as they are seen from the Ground and from Space.- Near Ground and Troposphere Plasmachemistry and Electric Field.- Physics of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling.- Main Phenomenological Features of Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes.- Are we Ready for Prediction? The Practical Applications.- Ultimate Results, Unexplained Phenomena, Future Tasks.

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743 citations

"Current status of seismo-electromag..." refers background in this paper

...As for the first channel, the geochemical quantities (such as surface temperature, radon emanation) induce the perturbation in the conductivity of the atmosphere, leading to ionospheric modification through the atmospheric electric field (e.g. Pulinets and Boyarchuk 2004, Sorokin et al. 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Low‐frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta Earthquake

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Antony C. Fraser-Smith¹, A. Bernardi¹, P. R. McGill¹, M. E. Ladd¹, R. A. Helliwell¹, O. G. Villard¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Stanford University¹

01 Aug 1990-Geophysical Research Letters

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of measurements of low frequency magnetic noise by two independent monitoring systems prior to the occurrence of the M{sub s} 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989.

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Abstract: The authors report the results of measurements of low frequency magnetic noise by two independent monitoring systems prior to the occurrence of the M{sub s} 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Their measurements cover 25 narrow frequency bands in the more than six-decade frequency range 0.01 Hz-32 kHz, with a time resolution varying from a half hour in the ULF range (0.01-10 Hz) to one second in the ELF/VLF range (10 Hz-32 kHz). The ULF system is located near Corralitos, about 7 km from the epicenter. The ELF/VLF system is located on the Stanford campus, about 52 km from the epicenter. Analysis of the ELF/VLF system is located on the Stanford campus, about 52 km from the epicenter. Analysis of the ELF/VLF data has revealed no precursor activity that they can identify at this time. However, the ULF data have some distinctive and anomalous features. First, a narrow-band signal appeared in the range 0.05-0.2 Hz around September 12 and persisted until the appearance of the second anomalous feature, which consisted of a substantial increase in the noise background starting on 5 October and covering almost the entire frequency range of the ULF system. Third, there was an anomalousmore » dip in the noise background in the range 0.2-5 Hz, starting one day ahead of the earthquake. Finally, and perhaps most compelling, there was an increase to an exceptionally high level of activity in the range 0.01-0.5 Hz starting approximately three hours before the earthquake. There do not appear to have been any magnetic field fluctuations originating in the upper atmosphere that can account for this increase. Further, while the systems are sensitive to motion, seismic measurements indicate that there were no significant shocks preceding the quake. Thus, the various anomalous features in the data, and in particular the large-amplitude increase in activity starting three hours before the quake, may have been magnetic precursors.« less

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601 citations

"Current status of seismo-electromag..." refers background in this paper

...…the ULF magnetic field variations prior to the EQs (1) Armenia, Spitak EQ (8 December 1988, magnitude 6.9) (Molchanov et al. 1992), (2) USA, California, Loma Prieta EQ (18 October 1989, magnitude 7.1) (Fraser-Smith et al. 1990) and (3) Guam EQ (8 August 1993, magnitude 8.0) (Hayakawa et al. 1996a)....
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Book•

Seismo electromagnetics : lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling

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正士早川, O. A. Molchanov

01 Jan 2002

556 citations

"Current status of seismo-electromag..." refers background in this paper

...It has been recently reported that electromagnetic phenomena take place in a wide frequency range prior to an EQ (Hayakawa and Fujinawa 1994, Hayakawa 1999, Hayakawa and Molchanov 2002, Molchanov and Hayakawa 2008)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Model - An Unified Concept for Earthquake Precursors Validation

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Sergey Pulinets, Dimitar Ouzounov¹, Dimitar Ouzounov²•Institutions (2)

Chapman University¹, Goddard Space Flight Center²

05 Jun 2011-Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a multidisciplinary approach to the problem of clarification the nature of short-term earthquake precursors observed in atmosphere, atmospheric electricity and in ionosphere and magnetosphere.

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475 citations

"Current status of seismo-electromag..." refers background in this paper

...Satellite observations of the anomalies in geochemical quantities have been performed in the visible and infrared (IR) ranges (see the latest by Singh et al. (2010)), and please refer to Parrot (2009) and Pulinets (2009) for more details of those satellite measurements....
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...Recently, Molchanov and Hayakawa (2008), Hayakawa (2009b), Molchanov (2009) and Pulinets (2009) have discussed lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling in detail....
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