Customized Foot Orthosis Development by 3D Reconstruction of the CT Images
TL;DR: The novel idea described in this study support, automating the process of designing a customized orthosis with the impression got from the 3 dimensionally modeled feet, thereby reducing the modeling time considerably.
About: This article is published in Engineering.The article was published on 2012-10-09 and is currently open access. It has received 9 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Foot orthosis.
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21 May 2004
TL;DR: Part I: Using CAD/CAM Systems used for 3D Modeling and Viewing.
Abstract: Part I: Using CAD/CAM Systems 1 Introduction 2 3D Modeling and Viewing 3 Modeling Aids and Tools 4 Engineering Drawings 5 CAD/CAM Programming Part II: Geometric Modeling 6 Curves 7 Surfaces 8 NURBS 9 Solids 10 Features Part III: Computer Graphics 11 Graphics Display 12 Transformations 13 Visualization 14 Computer Animation Part IV: Product Design and Development 15 Mass Properties 16 Assembly Modeling 17 Finite Element Method 18 Product Data Exchange 19 Collaborative Design Part V: Product Manufacturing and Management 20 Engineering Tolerances 21 Process Planning 22 Part Programming 23 Product Lifecycle Management Appendix A Bibliography Appendix B Linear Algebra Appendix C ANSI and ISO Tolerance Tables
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the potential benefits of adopting additive manufacturing technology (AMT) for topologically customized orthotic fabrication and suggesting the medical sector sustainability perspectives are discussed. But, the authors do not consider the impact of additive manufacturing on the manufacturing process.
Abstract: The theme of additive manufacturing technology (AMT) is trending among all production sectors, whether it is a mass-production industry or concerned with customized parts fabrication. It provides a proportionally balanced framework to deal with a beneficiary's needs with a stunning overall sustainable performance. This paper describes the potential benefits of adopting the AMT for topologically customized orthotic fabrication and suggests the medical sector sustainability perspectives. Orthotic devices are used to support the functionality of a body part raised due to any deficiency or deformity and provide comfortable healing abetment to the limb by supportive shock reduction, motion assistance, or restriction with customized rehabilitation. This study comprises a detailed review of recent additive manufacturing (AM) innovations in advanced orthotics and the rehabilitation perspective that demands topology optimization (TO) for customized splint fabrication. A systematic multidisciplinary AM framework has also been proposed to promote AMT as a streamlined cleaner fabrication approach in orthotics and healthcare, integrating efficient scanning & printing with optimization result interpretation network and finite element analysis (FEA) based continuously rectifying orthotic design database feeding from biomechanical performance evaluations. The evidential facts concluded that the ability to fabricate any complex geometry with ease of doing is the primary sustainable attribute for adopting the AMT to instantly fabricate patient-specific orthoses/splints/braces that are lightweight, ventilated, hygienic, appealing, strengthened, biocompatible and functionally comfortable. The strategic involvement of the proposed AM framework in the healthcare industry will promote mass customization of topologically optimized orthotic devices and enhance the process and product performance sustainability at the industrial, environmental, financial, resourcial and end-user level.
10 citations
TL;DR: This research aims to make a bias in ankle–foot orthosis design and analysis methods, where a complete methodology of numerical design and testing has been proposed using advanced engineering software.
Abstract: This study focuses on the drop foot case related to hyperthyroidism of the ankle joint resulting in the relaxation of the toes during walking. This condition requires treatment using an ankle-foot orthosis. Traditional orthosis techniques lack precision and depend on the skill of the fabricator. This research aims to make a bias in ankle-foot orthosis design and analysis methods, where a complete methodology of numerical design and testing has been proposed using advanced engineering software. A numerical model of the patient's foot was generated and used to design an ankle-foot orthosis model using SolidWorks. The designed model was mechanically analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS Workbench 16.1 under different static and dynamic loading conditions. The ankle-foot orthosis model was numerically designed and analyzed before the manufacturing process. This is believed to reduce time and material loss and foster the use of numerical models in biomedical applications. This study suggests focusing on the design and analysis of orthoses according to the patient's measurements. This is expected to increase the comfort and raise the level of treatment. Numerical design methods also enable precise manufacturing using computerized devices such as three-dimensional printers.
8 citations
29 Mar 2016
TL;DR: This study needs to correlate footprint depth with corresponding foot pressure of individual using 3D scanner, and several approaches are used for modeling and estimating footprint depths and foot pressures.
Abstract: The analysis of normal and pathological variation in human foot morphology is central to several biomedical disciplines, including orthopedics, orthotic design, sports sciences, and physical anthropology, and it is also important for efficient footwear design. A classic and frequently used approach to study foot morphology is analysis of the footprint shape and footprint depth. Footprints are relatively easy to produce and to measure, and they can be preserved naturally in different soils. In this study, we need to correlate footprint depth with corresponding foot pressure of individual using 3D scanner. Several approaches are used for modeling and estimating footprint depths and foot pressures. The deepest footprint point is calculated from z max coordinate-z min coordinate and the average of foot pressure is calculated from GRF divided to foot area contact and identical with the average of footprint depth. Evaluation of footprint depth was found from importing 3D scanner file (dxf) in AutoCAD, the z-coordinates than sorted from the highest to the lowest value using Microsoft Excel to make footprinting depth in difference color. This research is only qualitatif study because doesn’t use foot pressure device as comparator, and resulting the maximum pressure on calceneus is 3.02 N/cm2, lateral arch is 3.66 N/cm2, and metatarsal and hallux is 3.68 N/cm2.
5 citations
03 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Results that were relatively accurate was found on the calcaneal loading estimation by footprint depth is presented by curve and data distribution which are in good agreement with the result of the measurement.
Abstract: This research studies the relationship between footprint depths and load in the calcaneal area when human standing in an upright posture. Footprint depths are deformation in the calcaneal area obtained from the z-value extraction of the Boolean operation acquired from unloaded foot scanning using 3D scanner and loaded foot using foot plantar scanner. To compare peak loads estimated from footprint depth maximum, force sensing resistor (FSR) sensor is attached over the shoe insole with zero heel height in the calcaneal area. Twenty participants were selected from students of Mechanical Engineering Department Diponegoro University with the average the age and the body weight 19.5 years and 55.27 kg respectively. Results that were relatively accurate was found on the calcaneal loading estimation by footprint depth is presented by curve and data distribution which are in good agreement with the result of the measurement. A significant difference in estimating calcaneal loading is mainly caused by plantar foot ...
5 citations
References
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TL;DR: A novel three-dimensional numerical model of theFoot, incorporating, for the first time in the literature, realistic geometric and material properties of both skeletal and soft tissue components of the foot, was developed for biomechanical analysis of its structural behavior during gait.
Abstract: A novel three-dimensional numerical model of the foot, incorporating, for the first time in the literature, realistic geometric and material properties of both skeletal and soft tissue components of the foot, was developed for biomechanical analysis of its structural behavior during gait. A system of experimental methods, integrating the optical Contact Pressure Display (CPD) method for plantar pressure measurements and a Digital Radiographic Fluoroscopy (DRF) instrument for acquisition of skeletal motion during gait, was also developed in this study and subsequently used to build the foot model and validate its predictions. Using a Finite Element solver, the stress distribution within the foot structure was obtained and regions of elevated stresses for six subphases of the stance (initial-contact, heel-strike, midstance, forefoot-contact, push-off, and toe-off) were located. For each of these subphases, the model was adapted according to the corresponding fluoroscopic data, skeletal dynamics, and active muscle force loading. Validation of the stress state was achieved by comparing model predictions of contact stress distribution with respective CPD measurements. The presently developed measurement and numerical analysis tools open new approaches for clinical applications, from simulation of the development mechanisms of common foot disorders to pre- and post-interventional evaluation of their treatment.
271 citations
"Customized Foot Orthosis Developmen..." refers background in this paper
...the foot to find out the various stresses during different stance phases of gait [6]....
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Clinical Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity is a comprehensive text addressing the principles of anatomic and biomechanical development and the clinical application of these principles to disease/disorder management.
Abstract: Clinical Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity is a comprehensive text addressing the principles of anatomic and biomechanical development and the clinical application of these principles to disease/disorder management. The emphasis of the book is on practical information applicable to the daily practice of lower extremity care. Topics covered include: the physical examination and the assessment of disorders having a biomechanical basis, casting techniques, prescription writing, orthotic trouble-shooting, splinting and shoe prescription for athletic activity.
164 citations
"Customized Foot Orthosis Developmen..." refers background in this paper
...The normal footwear used for the anesthetic feet does not accommodate the biomechanics of the foot [2]....
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Book•
[...]
21 May 2004
TL;DR: Part I: Using CAD/CAM Systems used for 3D Modeling and Viewing.
Abstract: Part I: Using CAD/CAM Systems 1 Introduction 2 3D Modeling and Viewing 3 Modeling Aids and Tools 4 Engineering Drawings 5 CAD/CAM Programming Part II: Geometric Modeling 6 Curves 7 Surfaces 8 NURBS 9 Solids 10 Features Part III: Computer Graphics 11 Graphics Display 12 Transformations 13 Visualization 14 Computer Animation Part IV: Product Design and Development 15 Mass Properties 16 Assembly Modeling 17 Finite Element Method 18 Product Data Exchange 19 Collaborative Design Part V: Product Manufacturing and Management 20 Engineering Tolerances 21 Process Planning 22 Part Programming 23 Product Lifecycle Management Appendix A Bibliography Appendix B Linear Algebra Appendix C ANSI and ISO Tolerance Tables
81 citations
TL;DR: The results of the stress analyses for diabetic subject (anisotropic) foot models showed that, with non-uniformly increased hardness and decreased foot sole soft-tissue thickness, the normal and shear stresses at the foot sole increased (compared with control values) by 52.6% and 53.4%, respectively.
Abstract: In diabetic neuropathic subjects, the hardness of foot sole soft tissue increases, and its thickness reduces, in different foot sole areas. Finite element analysis (FEA) of a three-dimensional two-arch model of the foot was performed to evaluate the effect of foot sole stresses on plantar ulcer development. Three sets of foot sole soft-tissue properties, i.e. isotropic (with control hardness value), diabetic isotropic (with higher hardness value) and anisotropic diabetic conditions, were simulated in the push-off phase, with decreasing foot sole soft-tissue thicknesses in the forefoot region, and the corresponding stresses were calculated. The results of the stress analyses for diabetic subject (anisotropic) foot models showed that, with non-uniformly increased hardness and decreased foot sole soft-tissue thickness, the normal and shear stresses at the foot sole increased (compared with control values) by 52.6% and 53.4%, respectively. Stress analyses also showed high ratios of gradients of normal and shear stresses of the order of 6.6 and 3.3 times the control values on the surface of the foot sole, and high relative values of stress gradients for normal and shear stresses of 6.25 and 4.35 times control values, respectively, between the foot sole surface and the adjacent inner layer of the foot sole, around a particular region of the foot sole with anisotropic properties. These ratios of high gradients and relative gradients of stresses due to changes in soft-tissue properties may be responsible for the development of plantar ulcers in diabetic neuropathic feet.
55 citations
"Customized Foot Orthosis Developmen..." refers background in this paper
...in his 2D model of the foot demonstrated that the shape of the foot and the muscle paralysis contribute to the stress changes in the different regions of the foot [4]....
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