Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynamic Inductive Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have reviewed the state of the art of IPT systems and explored the suitability of the technology to wirelessly charge battery powered vehicles, and showed that the IPT technology has merits for stationary charging, opportunity charging, and dynamic charging when the vehicle is moving along a dedicated lane equipped with an IPT system.
Abstract: In this article, we have reviewed the state of the art of IPT systems and have explored the suitability of the technology to wirelessly charge battery powered vehicles. the review shows that the IPT technology has merits for stationary charging (when the vehicle is parked), opportunity charging (when the vehicle is stopped for a short period of time, for example, at a bus stop), and dynamic charging (when the vehicle is moving along a dedicated lane equipped with an IPT system). Dynamic wireless charging holds promise to partially or completely eliminate the overnight charging through a compact network of dynamic chargers installed on the roads that would keep the vehicle batteries charged at all times, consequently reducing the range anxiety and increasing the reliability of EVs. Dynamic charging can help lower the price of EVs by reducing the size of the battery pack. Indeed, if the recharging energy is readily available, the batteries do not have to support the whole driving range but only supply power when the IPT system is not available. Depending on the power capability, the use of dynamic charging may increase driving range and reduce the size of the battery pack.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the technologies in the wireless power transfer (WPT) area applicable to electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging, and the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated.
Abstract: Wireless power transfer (WPT) using magnetic resonance is the technology which could set human free from the annoying wires. In fact, the WPT adopts the same basic theory which has already been developed for at least 30 years with the term inductive power transfer. WPT technology is developing rapidly in recent years. At kilowatts power level, the transfer distance increases from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency above 90%. The advances make the WPT very attractive to the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both stationary and dynamic charging scenarios. This paper reviewed the technologies in the WPT area applicable to EV wireless charging. By introducing WPT in EVs, the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated. Battery technology is no longer relevant in the mass market penetration of EVs. It is hoped that researchers could be encouraged by the state-of-the-art achievements, and push forward the further development of WPT as well as the expansion of EV.
1,603 citations
Cites background from "Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynami..."
...road, most of the vehicles could meet a 300-mile range easily [60], [116]....
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...Recently, as the need of EV charging and also the progress in technology, the power transfer distance increases from several millimeters to a few hundred millimeters at kilowatts power level [12], [14], [40]–[60]....
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01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures.
Abstract: The profitable commercialization and fast adoption of electrified transportation require fast, economical, and reliable charging infrastructure. This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures. A comparative overview of conductive charging and wireless charging is followed by a detailed description of static wireless charging, dynamic wireless charging (DWC), and quasi-DWC. Roadblocks, such as coil design of power pads, frequency, power level limitations, misalignment, and potential solutions, are outlined. The standards are then tabulated to deliver a coherent view of the current status, followed by an explanation of the crux of these standards. Necessity and progress in the standardization of wireless charging systems are then deliberated. Vehicle-to-grid application of wireless charging is reviewed followed by an overview of economic analysis, social implications, the effect on sustainability, and safety aspects to evaluate the commercial feasibility of wireless charging. This paper will be highly beneficial to research entities, industry professionals, and investment representatives as a ready reference of the wireless charging system of EVs, with information on important characteristics and standards.
542 citations
Cites background from "Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynami..."
...Low-power wireless systems have also been developed to transfer power to a device with an embedded pickup coil and over a surface containing a Tx coil and many resonators, but these systems are not suitable for EVs, since they move along a path [30]....
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...Another way of classifying wireless charging is SWC [18], [30], [55]–[57], DWC [6], [55], [58], [59], and QWC [60], [61]....
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...Lukic and Pantic [30] reviewed the current SWC applications, concluding the beginning of maturity for SWC, as SAE has developed standard SAE 2954 [110] for industrywide specification guidelines....
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...The conductive charger is approaching toward its maturity [30], and set standards have been developed....
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...SWC charges the vehicle when the vehicle is stationary [30]....
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01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities are reviewed. And the authors present a thorough review of the battery technologies from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion.
Abstract: Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum due to several factors, including the price reduction as well as the climate and environmental awareness. This paper reviews the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities. More specifically, an analysis of the worldwide market situation of EVs and their future prospects is carried out. Given that one of the fundamental aspects in EVs is the battery, the paper presents a thorough review of the battery technologies—from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion. Moreover, we review the different standards that are available for EVs charging process, as well as the power control and battery energy management proposals. Finally, we conclude our work by presenting our vision about what is expected in the near future within this field, as well as the research aspects that are still open for both industry and academic communities.
361 citations
Cites background from "Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynami..."
..., in a traffic light), and (iii) dynamic charging, when the vehicle is moving along a dedicated charging lane [116]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the state-of-the-art technical progress and research bottlenecks in wireless power transfer (WPT) development and applications in the transportation sector, and characterize the demonstrations of real-world deployment of WPT EV systems.
324 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynami..."
...WPT for EVs has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of wired chargers and eliminate some hurdles toward vehicle electrification and sustainable mobility [9]....
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...4(a) and the other employs the segmented-coil design [6,9,30,31] shown in Fig....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantitatively analyzed the benefits of dynamic charging with an economic model of battery size and charging infrastructure allocation, using a mathematical optimization model, and also showed that the dynamic charging can be beneficial to battery life.
Abstract: A wireless charging or inductive charging electric vehicle (EV) is a type of EVs with a battery that is charged from a charging infrastructure, using a wireless power transfer technology. Wireless charging EVs are classified as stationary or dynamic charging EVs. Stationary charging EVs charge wirelessly when they are parked, and dynamic charging EVs can charge while they are in motion. The online electric vehicle developed at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is an example of a commercially available dynamic charging transportation system. Numerous studies have reported that one of the benefits of dynamic charging is that it allows smaller and lighter batteries to be used, due to frequent charging using the charging infrastructure embedded under roads. In this paper, we quantitatively analyze the benefits of dynamic charging with an economic model of battery size and charging infrastructure allocation, using a mathematical optimization model. Particularly, we analyze by how much battery size can be reduced and what the cost saving of reducing the battery size is with the model. We also show that the dynamic charging can be beneficial to battery life.
270 citations
References
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20 Oct 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the ICPT requirements for two types of vehicles operating in combination with inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) system, and the result is system analysis of feasibility of battery-ICPT and ultracapacitor-ICPT combinations for different driving conditions and vehicles as well as rough evaluation of expected length and optimal positions of ICPTs track for specified driving cycles.
Abstract: Economic and environmental issues are main motivation for developing efficient and sustainable electrical vehicle for urban transportation. Electrical vehicles (EV) have two main advantages compared to hybrid and gasoline vehicle: eliminated tailpipe emissions and simplified drive-train. However, electric vehicles have a limited range between recharges when fitted with the current state-of-the-art energy storage. To mitigate the limitations of the energy storage technology, we propose to use inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) to supply power to the vehicle while it is moving. ICPT is an efficient technique for transferring power with no physical connection between the source and the load. In this paper we investigate the ICPT requirements for two types of vehicles operating in combination with ICPT system. The first vehicle makes use of a battery as primary and ICPT as secondary energy source for electric vehicle supplying. The goal is to achieve 300 miles range of covering. The second uses electrochemical capacitors (Ultracapacitors) as the power source and ICPT as the energy source. The goal is to provide unlimited range for the vehicle. The result is system analysis of feasibility of battery-ICPT and ultracapacitor-ICPT combinations for different driving conditions and vehicles as well as rough evaluation of expected length and optimal positions of ICPT track for specified driving cycles.
66 citations