Cyclic Constitutive Response and Effective S–N Diagram of M50 NiL Case-Hardened Bearing Steel Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue
01 Oct 2015-Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 137, Iss: 4, pp 041102
TL;DR: In this article, a combined experimental and numerical method is developed to estimate the continuously evolving cyclic plastic strain amplitudes in plastically deformed subsurface regions of a case-hardened M50 NiL steel rod subjected to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) over several hundred million cycles.
Abstract: A combined experimental and numerical method is developed to estimate the continuously evolving cyclic plastic strain amplitudes in plastically deformed subsurface regions of a case-hardened M50 NiL steel rod subjected to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) over several hundred million cycles. The subsurface hardness values measured over the entire plastically deformed regions and the elastoplastic von Mises stresses determined from the three-dimensional (3D) Hertzian contact finite element (FE) model have been used in conjunction with Neuber's rule to estimate the evolved cyclic plastic strain amplitudes at various points within the RCF-affected zone. The cyclic stress–strain plots developed as a function of case depth revealed that cyclic hardening exponent of the material is greater than the monotonic strain-hardening exponent. Effective S–N diagram for the RCF loading of the case-hardened steel has been presented and the effect of compressive mean stress on its fatigue strength has been explained using Haigh diagram. The compressive mean stress correction according to Haigh diagram predicts that the allowable fatigue strength of the steel increases by a factor of two compared to its fatigue limit before mean stress correction, thus potentially allowing the rolling element bearings to operate over several hundred billion cycles. The methodology presented here is generalized and can be adopted to obtain the constitutive response and S–N diagrams of both through- and case-hardened steels subjected to RCF.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review is provided for cyclic fatigue loading experienced by the subsurface volume of rolling contact fatigue (RCF)-affected material, and a detailed analysis of the microstructural evolution in the sub-surface region is presented.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a procedure to estimate microstructure-sensitive isotropic and kinematic cyclic hardening parameters, from a judicious combination of numerical and experimental methods.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element analysis (FEA) based study was conducted to determine the critical factors that have the largest impact on the fatigue limit of bearing steels during rolling contact fatigue, including static vs rolling contact, inclusion geometry (size, shape, orientation, and distribution), the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of both the matrix and the inclusion, and the possibility of an inclusion becoming debonded from the matrix.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a 3D efficient elastic-plastic finite element model to characterize the rolling contact fatigue behavior of through hardened steel at high loads (∼5 GPa) and to corroborate analytical and experimental results.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the damage evolution induced by three types of carbides in M50 bearing steel is studied in order to calculate the damage accumulation of the elements and the effect of residual stress on damage evolution.
21 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present methods proven successful in practice, such as safe-life, fail-safe, forecasting of service reliability, monitoring, and inspection; macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fatigue behavior; principles for determining fatigue crack growth and final fracture; scatter of data and statistical methods; environmental factors; and fatigue of joints and compounds.
Abstract: Presents methods proven successful in practice. Covers design procedures, such as safe-life, fail-safe, forecasting of service reliability, monitoring, and inspection; macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fatigue behavior; principles for determining fatigue crack growth and final fracture; scatter of data and statistical methods; environmental factors; and fatigue of joints and compounds. Contains design do's and don'ts and example problems.
1,837 citations
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01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Part 1: Basics Chapter 1: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design Chapter 2: Materials Chapter 3: Load and Stress Analysis Chapter 4: Deflection and Stiffness Part II: Failure Prevention Chapter 5: Failures Resulting from Static Loading Chapter 6: Fatigue Failure Resulting From Variable Loading
Abstract: Part 1: Basics Chapter 1: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design Chapter 2: Materials Chapter 3: Load and Stress Analysis Chapter 4: Deflection and Stiffness Part II: Failure Prevention Chapter 5: Failures Resulting from Static Loading Chapter 6: Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading Part III: Design of Mechanical Elements Chapter 7: Shafts and Shaft Components Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints Chapter 9: Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints Chapter 10: Mechanical Springs Chapter 11: Rolling-Contact Bearings Chapter 12: Lubrication and Journal Bearings Chapter 13: Gears - General Chapter 14: Spur and Helical Gears Chapter 15: Bevel and Worm Gears Chapter 16: Clutches, Brakes, Couplings and Flywheels Chapter 17: Flexible Mechanical Elements Chapter 18: Power Transmission Case Study Part IV: Analysis Tools Chapter 19: Finite Element Analysis Chapter 20: Statistical Considerations Appendices A: Useful Tables B: Answers to Selected Problems
1,456 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and properties of bearing steels prior to the point of service are first assessed and described in the context of steelmaking, manufacturing and engineering requirements, followed by a thorough critique of the damage mechanisms that operate during service and in accelerated tests.
729 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that indentation hardness of ductile materials is essentially a measure of their plastic properties, rather than the brittle properties of the material. And the Mohs scratch hardness scale is used to measure the plastic properties of a material.
Abstract: This review is concerned with the basic physical meaning of hardness. It is shown that indentation hardness of ductile materials is essentially a measure of their plastic properties. With brittle solids the high hydrostatic pressures around the deformed region are often sufficient to inhibit brittle fracture. Under these conditions both indentation and scratch hardness are essentially a measure of the plastic rather than the brittle properties of the solid. This provides a simple physical basis for the Mohs scratch hardness scale
547 citations
TL;DR: In this article, some of the most widely used RCF models are reviewed and discussed, and their limitations are addressed, and the modeling approaches recently proposed by the authors to develop life models and better understanding of the RCF.
Abstract: Ball and rolling element bearings are perhaps the most widely used components in industrial machinery. They are used to support load and allow relative motion inherent in the mechanism to take place. Subsurface originated spalling has been recognized as one of the main modes of failure for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearings. In the past few decades a significant number of investigators have attempted to determine the physical mechanisms involved in rolling contact fatigue of bearings and proposed models to predict their fatigue lives. In this paper, some of the most widely used RCF models are reviewed and discussed, and their limitations are addressed. The paper also presents the modeling approaches recently proposed by the authors to develop life models and better understanding of the RCF.
438 citations