Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks

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Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Journal Article•

Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mohammad Rahimi¹, Rick Baer², Obimdinachi I. Iroezi¹, Juan Garcia¹, Jay Warrior², Deborah Estrin¹, Mani Srivastava¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (2)

University of California, Los Angeles¹, Agilent Technologies²

05 May 2005-Center for Embedded Network Sensing-

TL;DR: A small camera device called Cyclops is developed that bridges the gap between the computationally constrained wireless sensor nodes such as Motes, and CMOS imagers which, while low power and inexpensive, are nevertheless designed to mate with resource-rich hosts.

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Abstract: Despite their increasing sophistication, wireless sensor networks still do not exploit the most powerful of the human senses: vision. Indeed, vision provides humans with unmatched capabilities to distinguish objects and identify their importance. Our work seeks to provide sensor networks with similar capabilities by exploiting emerging, cheap, low-power and small form factor CMOS imaging technology. In fact, we can go beyond the stereo capabilities of human vision, and exploit the large scale of sensor networks to provide multiple, widely different perspectives of the physical phenomena. To this end, we have developed a small camera device called Cyclops that bridges the gap between the computationally constrained wireless sensor nodes such as Motes, and CMOS imagers which, while low power and inexpensive, are nevertheless designed to mate with resource-rich hosts. Cyclops enables development of new class of vision applications that span across wireless sensor network. We describe our hardware and software architecture, its temporal and power characteristics and present some representative applications.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Wireless sensor network survey

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Jennifer Yick¹, Biswanath Mukherjee¹, Dipak Ghosal¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

01 Aug 2008-Computer Networks

TL;DR: This survey presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of a survey on sensor networks, and gives an overview of several new applications and then reviews the literature on various aspects of WSNs.

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5,626 citations

Cites background from "Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..."

...Cyclops attempts to interface between a camera module and a lightweight sensor node....
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...Cyclops contains programmable logic and memory circuits with high speed data transfer....
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...CenWits [26] – Provides adaptive tradeoff between memory and power consumption – Issue: limited memory available sensor motes – Size of stored information can be very large – Information must be organized and processed efficiently – Power management with group set communication – – Direct connection to another sensor or access point – – MICA2 sensor nodes equipped with a GPS receiver and RF transmitter – GPS has its limitation when used in the canyons and rainy forest Cenwits addresses this by incorporating location point – Transmission beaconing adapts the users speed for power management Cyclops [27] – High speed data transfer and processing – High resolution images – Power consumption is minimal – Delay sensitive – Several power states to minimize energy – Direct connection...
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...Cyclops [27] is a small camera device that bridges the gap between computationally-constrained sensor nodes and complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imagers....
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...Cyclops is useful in a number of applications that require high speed processing or high resolution images....
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Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

[...]

David Forsyth, Jean Ponce

01 Jan 2004

TL;DR: Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance and describes numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries.

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Abstract: From the Publisher: The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

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3,627 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey

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Giuseppe Anastasi¹, Marco Conti², Mario Di Francesco¹, Andrea Passarella²•Institutions (2)

University of Pisa¹, National Research Council²

01 May 2009

TL;DR: This paper breaks down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discusses the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs, and presents a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes.

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Abstract: In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.

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2,546 citations

Cites background from "Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..."

...In this case high resolution acoustic beamforming [131] or image-capturing [109] sensors can help....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Tommaso Melodia¹, Kaushik R. Chowdhury¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

01 Mar 2007-Computer Networks

TL;DR: Existing solutions and open research issues at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated, along with possible cross-layer synergies and optimizations.

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2,311 citations

Cites background or methods from "Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..."

...It is also shown how an algorithm designed for traditional sensor networks does not perform well with video sensors in terms of coverage preservation of the monitored area....
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...Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Multimedia communications; Distributed smart cameras; Video sensor networks; Energy-aware protocol design; Cross-layer protocol design; Quality of service...
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...Since image capture requires faster data transfer and address generation than the 4 MHz MCU used, a CPLD is used to provide access to the high-speed clock....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Wireless multimedia sensor networks: A survey

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Tommaso Melodia², K.R. Chowdury¹•Institutions (2)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹, State University of New York System²

01 Dec 2007-IEEE Wireless Communications

TL;DR: The state of the art and the major research challenges in architectures, algorithms, and protocols for wireless multimedia sensor networks, including existing solutions at the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated.

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Abstract: In recent years, the growing interest in the wireless sensor network (WSN) has resulted in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. Most of this research is concerned with scalar sensor networks that measure physical phenomena, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, or location of objects that can be conveyed through low-bandwidth and delay-tolerant data streams. Recently, the focus is shifting toward research aimed at revisiting the sensor network paradigm to enable delivery of multimedia content, such as audio and video streams and still images, as well as scalar data. This effort will result in distributed, networked systems, referred to in this paper as wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). This article discusses the state of the art and the major research challenges in architectures, algorithms, and protocols for wireless multimedia sensor networks. Existing solutions at the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated. Finally, fundamental open research issues are discussed, and future research trends in this area are outlined.

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597 citations

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References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

[...]

David Forsyth, Jean Ponce

01 Jan 2004

...read moreread less

3,627 citations

"Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..." refers background in this paper

...Vision sensors are typically power hungry and vision algorithms are computationally expensive, with high power consumption requirements [ 3 ]....
[...]
...Background subtraction is important in many image analysis and manipulation [ 3 ]....
[...]

Proceedings Article•DOI•

Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks

[...]

Deborah Estrin¹, Ramesh Govindan¹, John Heidemann¹, Satish K.S. Kumar¹•Institutions (1)

Information Sciences Institute¹

01 Aug 1999

TL;DR: This paper believes that localized algorithms (in which simple local node behavior achieves a desired global objective) may be necessary for sensor network coordination.

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Abstract: Networked sensors-those that coordinate amongst themselves to achieve a larger sensing task-will revolutionize information gathering and processing both in urban environments and in inhospitable terrain. The sheer numbers of these sensors and the expected dynamics in these environments present unique challenges in the design of unattended autonomous sensor networks. These challenges lead us to hypothesize that sensor network coordination applications may need to be structured differently from traditional network applications. In particular, we believe that localized algorithms (in which simple local node behavior achieves a desired global objective) may be necessary for sensor network coordination. In this paper, we describe localized algorithms, and then discuss directed diffusion, a simple communication model for describing localized algorithms.

...read moreread less

3,044 citations

"Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..." refers background in this paper

...Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks Mohammad Rahimi ,Rick Baer ,Obimdinachi I. Iroezi , Juan C. Garcia , Jay Warrior ,Deborah Estrin ,Mani Srivastava Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,USA Agilent Technology Agilent Laboratories, 3500 Deer Creek Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304,USA mhr@cens.ucla.edu,rick baer@agilent.com,jay warrior@agilent.com,destrin@cs.ucla.edu,mbs@ucla.edu ABSTRACT Despite their increasing sophistication, wireless sensor networks still do not exploit the most powerful of the human senses: vision....
[...]
...Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and Interpretation in Wireless Sensor Networks Mohammad Rahimi ,Rick Baer ,Obimdinachi I. Iroezi , Juan C. Garcia , Jay Warrior ,Deborah Estrin ,Mani Srivastava Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,USA Agilent Technology Agilent…...
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research

[...]

Joseph Polastre¹, Robert Szewczyk¹, David E. Culler¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

24 Apr 2005

TL;DR: Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research, a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote generations, with three major goals to enable experimentation: minimal power consumption, easy to use, and increased software and hardware robustness.

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Abstract: We present Telos, an ultra low power wireless sensor module ("mote") for research and experimentation. Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research. It is a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote generations. Telos' new design consists of three major goals to enable experimentation: minimal power consumption, easy to use, and increased software and hardware robustness. We discuss how hardware components are selected and integrated in order to achieve these goals. Using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller, Chipcon IEEE 802.15.4-compliant radio, and USB, Telos' power profile is almost one-tenth the consumption of previous mote platforms while providing greater performance and throughput. It eliminates programming and support boards, while enabling experimentation with WSNs in both lab, testbed, and deployment settings.

...read moreread less

2,115 citations

"Cyclops: In Situ Image Sensing and ..." refers background in this paper

...These numbers are cited from [11] for a 3V battery...
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...Table-3 shows power consumption of some known host nodes [11]....
[...]

A System for Video Surveillance and Monitoring

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Robert T. Collins¹, Alan J. Lipton¹, Takeo Kanade¹, Hironobu Fujiyoshi, David Duggins, Yanghai Tsin, David Tolliver, Nobuyoshi Enomoto, Osamu Hasegawa, Peter J. Burt, Lambert Ernest Wixson - Show less +7 more•Institutions (1)

Carnegie Mellon University¹

01 Jan 2000

TL;DR: An overview of theVSAM system, which uses multiple, cooperative video sensors to provide continuous coverage of people and vehicles in a cluttered environment, is presented.

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Abstract: Under the three-year Video Surveillance and Monitoring (VSAM) project (1997‐1999), the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and the Sarnoff Corporation developed a system for autonomous Video Surveillance and Monitoring. The technical approach uses multiple, cooperative video sensors to provide continuous coverage of people and vehicles in a cluttered environment. This final report presents an overview of the system, and of the technical accomplishments that have been achieved.

...read moreread less

1,515 citations

Additional excerpts

...actuation of the imagers [25] [26] [24]....
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Robust techniques for background subtraction in urban traffic video

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Sen-ching S. Cheung¹, Chandrika Kamath¹•Institutions (1)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory¹

18 Jan 2004

TL;DR: This paper compares various background subtraction algorithms for detecting moving vehicles and pedestrians in urban traffic video sequences, considering approaches varying from simple techniques such as frame differencing and adaptive median filtering, to more sophisticated probabilistic modeling techniques.

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Abstract: Identifying moving objects from a video sequence is a fundamental and critical task in many computer-vision applications. A common approach is to perform background subtraction, which identifies moving objects from the portion of a video frame that differs significantly from a background model. There are many challenges in developing a good background subtraction algorithm. First, it must be robust against changes in illumination. Second, it should avoid detecting non-stationary background objects such as swinging leaves, rain, snow, and shadow cast by moving objects. Finally, its internal background model should react quickly to changes in background such as starting and stopping of vehicles. In this paper, we compare various background subtraction algorithms for detecting moving vehicles and pedestrians in urban traffic video sequences. We consider approaches varying from simple techniques such as frame differencing and adaptive median filtering, to more sophisticated probabilistic modeling techniques. While complicated techniques often produce superior performance, our experiments show that simple techniques such as adaptive median filtering can produce good results with much lower computational complexity.

...read moreread less

794 citations