Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting analysis in three species of Swertia from Eastern Himalaya
TL;DR: Chromosome analysis of these three Swertia species showed that the majority of cells were diploid with zygotic chromosome number 2n = 26 and gametic chromosome number n = 13, and no variation was observed in pollen mother cells (PMCs) during meiosis.
Abstract: The present study reports detailed and comparative karyomorphological and meiotic analyses in Swertia chirayita, S. nervosa and S. bimaculata of Eastern Himalaya. Chromosome analysis of these three Swertia species showed that the majority of cells were diploid with zygotic chromosome number 2n = 26 and gametic chromosome number n = 13. The mosaic chromosome number counts in root tip cells ranged from 9–24 chromosomes in S. bimaculata, to 11–24 chromosomes in both S. chirayita and S. nervosa. No variation was observed in pollen mother cells (PMCs) during meiosis. The modal karyotypes were determined as 2M + 12m + 10sm + 2m:sm for S. chirayita, 8M + 14m + 2sm + 2m:sm for S. nervosa and 6M + 16m + 2sm + 2M:st for S. bimaculata. Karyomorphological analysis of the three Swertia species have documented some distinct similarities between S. chirayita and S. nervosa in terms of their chromosomal category (small), mean chromosomal length (2.48μm, 2.62 μm), length of total chromatin (32.18μm, 34.14 μm) as well as p...
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01 Jan 1966
259 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of molecular and phytochemical diversity among 48 accessions of five Swertia species collected from Western Himalayas, India finds the potent S. chirata displays a low degree of genetic diversity and gene flow, and therefore there is a major risk of extinction of this significant species.
Abstract: The genus Swertia (Gentianaceae) is one of the most potent and traded herbs in Asian countries that has been described in the Indian, British and American pharmacopoeias as tinctures and infusions, and has also been reported in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha traditional systems of medicines. Several Swertia species are declared as critically endangered in line with its increasing demand in therapeutic industries, and as a consequence, a gap is continuously increasing between the commercial demand and supply of Swertia herb. The present study aims to assess the molecular and phytochemical diversity among 48 accessions of five Swertia species collected from Western Himalayas, India. Using 16 inter sequence simple repeats (ISSR) and 18 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, total 202 and 291 polymorphic bands were documented, respectively. Percentage of polymorphism ranged from 89% to 100%, and 75% to 95%, with an average of 94.8%, and 89.8%, respectively with the ISSR and RAPD primers. Overall, high level of intra-specific genetic diversity (Gst: 0.40; h: 0.20; I: 0.30) was observed among S. paniculata accessions whereas S. chirata accessions (Gst: 0.16; h: 0.08; I: 0.18) showed least genetic diversity. Moreover, among all the Swertia accessions, maximum yield of amarogentin (0.75 ± 0.20%), and swertiamarin (6.68 ± 0.10%) was found in the S. chirata collected from Chakrata-Deoban (Uttarakhand), followed by S. paniculata accessions collected from Triund-Trek Mountains (Himachal Pradesh) that displayed 0.66 ± 0.10% amarogentin and 5.76 ± 0.03% swertiamarin contents. Densitogram based on the complete linkage, Euclidean distance and similarity level also revealed highest phytochemical diversity among S. paniculata accessions. In the present study, both molecular and phytochemical markers visibly categorize different Swertia species and thus these approaches can be used as significant tools for the assessment of genetic diversity among genotypes of Swertia. In this study, the potent S. chirata displays a low degree of genetic diversity and gene flow, and therefore there is a major risk of extinction of this significant species. The results of the present study would be useful to identify the promising genotype and to develop conservation strategies for the elite Swertia species.
13 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive assessment on biotechnological process made in Swertia over the past few years is presented in this paper, where the authors present a comprehensive assessment of the biotechnology process made by the authors.
Abstract: The genus Swertia (Family: Gentianaceae) has cosmopolitan distribution which is present in almost all the continents except South America and Australia. Swertia genus has been renowned as one of the potent herbal drugs in the British, American, and Chinese Pharmacopeias as well as well-documented in the Indian traditional medicinal systems, viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Many species of this genus have therapeutic properties and have been used traditionally in the treatment of a number of health ailments viz. hepatitis, diabetes, inflammation, bacillary dysentery, cancer, malaria, fever etc. This genus is industrially important medicinal plant that has been used as a principal component in numerous marketed herbal/ polyherbal formulations. Medicinal usage of Swertia is endorsed to the miscellaneous compounds viz. xanthones, irridoids, seco-irridoids, and triterpenoids. A chain of systematic isolation of bio-active compounds and their diverse range of pharmacological effects during last 15–20 years proved this genus as industrially important plant. Due to the various practices of the Swertia species, annual demand is more than 100 tons per year for this important herb which is continuously increasing 10% annually. The market value rises 10% by the year as there is increased demand in national and international market resulted in adulteration of many Swertia spp. due to paucity of agricultural practices, exomorphological, phytochemical, and molecular characterization. Thus, efficient biotechnology methods are prerequisite for the mass production of authentic species, sustainable production of bio-active compounds and ex situ conservation. A chain of systematic biotechnological interventions in Swertia herb during last 20 years cover the assessment of genetic diversity, in vitro sustainable production of bio-active compounds and mass propagation of elite genotypes via direct and indirect organogenesis. This review attempts to present the comprehensive assessment on biotechnological process made in Swertia over the past few years. • Critical and updated assessment on biotechnological aspects of Swertia spp.
• In vitro propagation and genetic diversity assessment in Swertia spp.
• Biosynthesis and sustainable production of secondary metabolites in Swertia spp.
6 citations
TL;DR: The present genetic diversity assessment of S. chirayita populations has been of immense importance to understand the cause of its vulnerability and has furnished valuable insights for its conservation and sustainable utilization.
Abstract: Swertia chirayita is a highly valued but vulnerable medicinal plant species of Nepal. Its populations are declining in natural habitats due to over exploitation. Twenty-seven inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 42 genotypes representing six natural populations of S. chirayita, from Nepal. Of the total 479 bands amplified by 27 ISSR primers, 473 (98.18%) were polymorphic, indicating very high level of genetic diversity at species level. Percentage polymorphism value for different primers ranged from 83.3 to 100% with an average of 98.18%. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 with an average of 0.91. Cluster analysis performed with NTSYS pc statistical package using Jaccard’s similarity coefficients generated from ISSR binary data matrix showed that, all 27 ISSR primers separated 42 individuals into two major clusters and six sub clusters at the similarity level of 0.24. The average value of Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) equaled 0.276 and 0.423, respectively at species level. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) amongst populations of S. chirayita was found to be high (0.548) with restricted gene flow (Nm=0.4829). Analysis of molecular variance showed that genetic diversity within populations is slightly higher (50.9%) than among populations (47.6%). The present genetic diversity assessment of S. chirayita populations has been of immense importance to understand the cause of its vulnerability and has furnished valuable insights for its conservation and sustainable utilization.
Key words: Polymerase chain reaction, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), genetic diversity, polymorphism, population genetics.
2 citations
Cites background from "Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting ..."
...Also, Samaddar et al. (2015) reported on some RAPD markers that can be used for fingerprinting analysis and implementation of genetic diversity study on Swertia spp....
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References
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TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the
63,098 citations
"Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting ..." refers methods in this paper
...Seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 (w/v) for 25–30 min and cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium....
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...1% HgCl2 (w/v) for 25–30 min and cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium....
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TL;DR: From the kinetic data, it becomes evident that the reductive amination reaction is highly adaptive to the ammonium environment.
Abstract: A stopped flow kinetic analysis has been performed with a homogeneous protein fraction of plant glutamate dehydrogenase. The enzyme exerts strong negative cooperativity with ammonium as variable substrate. The limiting initial rate constants for low substrate concentrations, as calculated from the kinetic data, indicate that the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme increases at low ammonium concentrations. From this it becomes evident that the reductive amination reaction is highly adaptive to the ammonium environment.
14,480 citations
TL;DR: A new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence is described, suggesting that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
Abstract: Molecular genetic maps are commonly constructed by analyzing the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among the progeny of a sexual cross. Here we describe a new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. These polymorphisms, simply detected as DNA segments which amplify from one parent but not the other, are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and can be used to construct genetic maps in a variety of species. We suggest that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
13,764 citations
"Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting ..." refers background in this paper
...…Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Università di Firenze Caryologia: International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, 2015 Vol. 68, No. 3, 207–216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2015.1032610 between RAPD profiles can serve as genetic markers (Williams et al. 1990)....
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...between RAPD profiles can serve as genetic markers (Williams et al. 1990)....
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...In contrast, RAPD is a high speed, cost effective technique, requiring small amount of plant material (Williams et al. 1990)....
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TL;DR: At the present time, with the immense increase in research activity in mammalian cytology, the terminology of the centromeric position has become burdened by much obscurity and confusion.
Abstract: N the inorphologic identification of chromosomes, the location of the I centromere is the most useful landmark, and one which is characterized by great constancy. It would seem that not much could be added to the definitions by E. B. WILSON (1928) of the locations on the chromosome of the centrornere or, in the terminology of that time, the spindle attachment: “Attachment of the chromosome to the spindle is commonly limited to a small area, and is of two general types, namely: (1) terminnl or telomitic and (2) non-ferminal or atelomitic, being in the former case at one end, and in the latter at some other point or points. Non-terminal attachment may be at the middle point (median) or at an intermediate point (submedian, sub-terminal). All gradations exist between these various cases;” (I.c., p. 130-131). In the acconipanying picture (l.c., Fig. 56, p. 132), here reprinted as Fig. l., the four locations of median, submedian, subterminal and terminal are represented, and, in addition, “lateral”, which corresponds to the modern term “diffuse centromere”. Nevertheless, at the present time, with the immense increase in research activity in mammalian cytology, the terminology of the centromeric position has become burdened by much obscurity and confusion. One cause of confusion is that different authors, and even the same author on different occasions, have used the terms median, submedian etc. with great amplitude, and it is often difficult to know in a specific case what each term signifies. Another cause of confusion is that a set of terms for chromosomes with specific centromeric positions, such as metacentric, acrocentric, telocentric, have come into wide usage without being clearly defined in relation to the positional terms median, submedian, subterminal and terminal. During the spring of 1963 the present writers exchanged epistolary
5,352 citations
"Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting ..." refers methods in this paper
...…chromosomes by using the computer program ProgRes® CapturePro 2.8.8 (Systeme, Jenoptik Optical System, Jena, Germany) following the nomenclature of Levan et al. (1964): centromeric index of median constriction (M) (>47.5–50.0), nearly median constriction (m) (>37.5– 47.5), submedian constriction…...
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01 Jan 1969
992 citations
"Cytogenetic and DNA fingerprinting ..." refers background in this paper
...Fedorov (1974), while examining chromosome numbers in 49 species with 61 cytotypes of Swertia, revealed 31% have 2n = 26 chromosomes....
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