Journal Article•
Cytologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland
TL;DR: Over a five year period 50 malignant tumours has been histologically proved in a group of 1378 patients who underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid, five of these were medullary carcinomas.
Abstract: Over a five year period 50 malignant tumours (3.8% of investigations) has been histologically proved in a group of 1378 patients who underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid. Five of these were medullary carcinomas (0.38% of investigation, 10% of malignancies). During revision and cytohistological correlation the most important cytologic diagnostic features for the sequential diagnosis of medullary carcinoma especially in cases without indicative clinical symptomatology have been checked. The following proved to be indicative especially if coinciding: a) background formed by blood with minimum or no colloid; b) clusters of epithelial cells with poor cohesion, sometimes multilayered, microfollicular, or stroma-like fusiform cells; c) striking anisocytosis, polygonal, plasmacytoid, fusiform, polyploid, and binucleated cells and naked nuclei in the background; d) striking anisokaryosis, at least part of the nuclei ovoid or elongated, chromatin rough, giant nuclei; e) amyloid identifiable in some tissue micro-fragments. If additional smears or cyto-block material are available it may be possible to establish the diagnosis at the cytology level using amyloid staining, argyrophilia test or immunohistochemistry. However if there is any cytological suspicion of medullary carcinoma, serum calcitonin should be investigated to confirm the preoperative diagnosis of medullary carcinoma enabling the patient to undergo one-step radical surgery.
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National Institutes of Health1, University of Toronto2, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg3, University of Pisa4, Medical College of Wisconsin5, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center6, Washington University in St. Louis7, University of Siena8, Heidelberg University9, University of Sydney10, University of Kentucky11, University of Naples Federico II12, Institut Gustave Roussy13, Ohio State University14
TL;DR: The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC and developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of Patients with MTC.
Abstract: Introduction: The American Thyroid Association appointed a Task Force of experts to revise the original Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Methods: The Task Force identified relevant articles using a systematic PubMed search, supplemented with additional published materials, and then created evidence-based recommendations, which were set in categories using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The original guidelines provided abundant source material and an excellent organizational structure that served as the basis for the current revised document. Results: The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC. Conclusions: The Task Force developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of patients with MTC. The Task Force considers the recommendati...
1,504 citations
Cites background from "Cytologic diagnosis of medullary ca..."
...Similarly, in a study of 91 cases, FNA findings were diagnostic of MTC in 89% of cases and indicated the need for surgery in 99% (174)....
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...The most important cytological criteria of MTC were a dispersed cell pattern of polygonal or triangular cells, azurophilic cytoplasmic granules, and eccentrically placed nuclei with coarse granular chromatin and amyloid (174)....
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TL;DR: Clinical topics addressed in this scholarly dialog included initial diagnosis and therapy of preclinical disease, management of persistent or recurrent MTC, long-term follow-up and management (including the frequency of follow- up and imaging), and directions for future research.
Abstract: Background: Inherited and sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an uncommon and challenging malignancy. The American Thyroid association (ATA) chose to create specific MTC Clinical Guidelines that would bring together and update the diverse MTC literature and combine it with evidence-based medicine and the knowledge and experience of a panel of expert clinicians. Methods: Relevant articles were identified using a systematic PubMed search and supplemented with additional published materials. Evidence-based recommendations were created and then categorized using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results: Clinical topics addressed in this scholarly dialog included: initial diagnosis and therapy of preclinical disease (including RET oncogene testing and the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy), initial diagnosis and therapy of clinically apparent disease (including preoperative testing and imaging, extent of surgery, and h...
1,203 citations
Cites background from "Cytologic diagnosis of medullary ca..."
...(187) reported that FNA findings indicated the need for surgery in 99% of their MTC cases, and diagnosed MTC in 89%....
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TL;DR: This document summarizes matters regarding diagnostic terminology/classification scheme for thyroid FNA interpretation and cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of various benign and malignant thyroid lesions.
Abstract: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored the NCI Thyroid Fine-needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference on October 22-23, 2007 in Bethesda, MD. The two-day meeting was accompanied by a permanent informational website and several on-line discussion periods between May 1 and December 15, 2007 (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov). This document summarizes matters regarding diagnostic terminology/classification scheme for thyroid FNA interpretation and cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of various benign and malignant thyroid lesions. (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/pages/info/agenda/).
806 citations
Cites background from "Cytologic diagnosis of medullary ca..."
...A detailed family and clinical history is helpful in the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma, as this diagnosis has implications for other members of the family.(116,155) The diagnosis of medullary carcinoma must be established by performing immunostains for calcitonin and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)....
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TL;DR: The rare cytologic findings in medullary thyroid carcinoma were grape cells, cytoplasmic nippling, elongated cytop lasmic processes, carrot-shaped nuclei, nuclear buddings, mast cell-like cells and a Burkitt's lymphoma-like appearance.
Abstract: Objective To describe some rare cytologic findings in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Study design Review of the fine needle aspiration smears from 15 cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma that were confirmed on histologic sections. The ages ranged between 31 and 67 years; 10 were female and 5 male. Thirteen were sporadic forms, and two were familial forms. Results Eight cases were classified as pleomorphic cell type and seven as monomorphic cell type. The smears revealed round, oval, triangular, polygonal and spindle-shaped cells, intracytoplasmic red granules, occasional intranuclear inclusions, amyloid, binucleated and multinucleated cells, and thick, granular chromatin. Conclusion The rare cytologic findings in this study were grape cells, cytoplasmic nippling, elongated cytoplasmic processes, carrot-shaped nuclei, nuclear buddings, mast cell-like cells and a Burkitt's lymphoma-like appearance. These findings were rarely reported before.
316 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the accuracy of cytodiagnosis and the value of ancillary tests in 17 patients seen between 1976 and 1997 were examined, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was found to be the most definitive method of proving or excluding MCT.
Abstract: BACKGROUND
A preoperative diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) allows for the investigation of associated multiple endocrine neoplasia/pheochromocytoma, and definitive surgery without the need for frozen section. Criteria for cytodiagnosis are well known but variable patterns of presentation may cause diagnostic difficulty.
METHODS
This study examines the accuracy of cytodiagnosis and the value of ancillary tests in 17 patients seen between 1976 and 1997. Nine patients underwent thyroid gland aspirations, five patients underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes, and three patients underwent cervical lymph node aspiration alone. Electron microscopy (EM) of aspirated material was performed in nine cases and immunocytochemistry in two cases.
RESULTS
In all cases the diagnosis was suggested by FNA. In four cases, diagnosis and management were based on cytology alone. EM of FNA material was confirmatory in nine cases, two of which also showed positive calcitonin immunocytochemistry. In three cases the diagnosis was not proven until surgical resection, and in one case FNA confirmed lymph node metastasis in known MCT. Frozen section in five patients did not change the level of diagnostic confidence over the FNA diagnosis in any case. In four other thyroid tumors (one Hurthle cell follicular carcinoma, two anaplastic carcinomas, and one hyperplastic nodule) MCT was suspected in the FNA differential diagnosis but later excluded. In the Hurthle cell tumor immunoperoxidase staining was positive for calcitonin and in one anaplastic carcinoma, a neuroendocrine phenotype was suggested. In the latter case, additional EM excluded MCT.
CONCLUSIONS
Although correct diagnosis is made by cytology in the majority of instances, other tumors may show cytologic findings similar to MCT. EM of FNA material was found to be the most definitive method of proving or excluding MCT. Immunocytochemistry may be misleading for rarely performed tests. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:295-302. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
189 citations