Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship
TL;DR: This paper explored the identities, behaviors, and actions of 49 firm founders in the sports-related equipment industry and showed how these identities systematically shape key decisions in the creation of new firms, thereby "imprinting" the startups with the founders' distinct self-concepts.
Abstract: Drawing on social identity theory, we explore the identities, behaviors, and actions of 49 firm founders in the sports-related equipment industry. Our analysis suggests the existence of three pure types of founder identities and shows how these identities systematically shape key decisions in the creation of new firms, thereby “imprinting” the start-ups with the founders’ distinct self-concepts. We synthesize our findings in a typology that sheds light on the heterogeneous meanings that founders associate with new firm creation and that improves understanding as to why fundamental differences in firm creation processes and outcomes exist.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider two broad implications of digital technologies: less bounded entrepreneurial processes and outcomes, and less predefined locus of entrepreneurial agency, and advance a research agenda that calls for the explicit theorizing of concepts related to digital technologies.
Abstract: New digital technologies have transformed the nature of uncertainty inherent in entrepreneurial processes and outcomes as well as the ways of dealing with such uncertainty. This has raised important questions at the intersection of digital technologies and entrepreneurship—on digital entrepreneurship. We consider two broad implications—less bounded entrepreneurial processes and outcomes and less predefined locus of entrepreneurial agency—and advance a research agenda that calls for the explicit theorizing of concepts related to digital technologies. In articulating the promise and value of such a digital technology perspective, we consider how it would build on and enrich existing entrepreneurship theories.
1,086 citations
Cites background from "Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..."
...…has focused on the identity, beliefs, skills and capabilities, cognition, decision-making style, and other aspects of the dominant (individual) founder and the impact on venture success (e.g., Boeker & Karichalil, 2002; Chandler & Hanks, 1994; Fauchart & Gruber, 2011; Hmieleski & Baron, 2009)....
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University of Copenhagen1, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne2, University of Michigan3, Ramon Llull University4, Purdue University5, European School of Management and Technology6, Aarhus University7, University of Surrey8, Royal Holloway, University of London9, Maastricht University10, Johannes Kepler University of Linz11, Copenhagen Business School12, Royal Institute of Technology13, University of Southern California14, Simon Fraser University15, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg16, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee17, RWTH Aachen University18, University of Southern Denmark19, Polytechnic University of Milan20, Babson College21, Imperial College London22
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present opportunities for future research on OI, organized at different levels of analysis, and discuss some of the contingencies at these different levels, and argue that future research needs to study OI - originally an organisational-level phenomenon.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main perspectives and themes emerging in research on open innovation (OI). The paper is the result of a collaborative process among several OI scholars – having a common basis in the recurrent Professional Development Workshop on ‘Researching Open Innovation’ at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. In this paper, we present opportunities for future research on OI, organised at different levels of analysis. We discuss some of the contingencies at these different levels, and argue that future research needs to study OI – originally an organisational-level phenomenon – across multiple levels of analysis. While our integrative framework allows comparing, contrasting and integrating various perspectives at different levels of analysis, further theorising will be needed to advance OI research. On this basis, we propose some new research categories as well as questions for future research – particularly those that span across research domains that have so far developed in isolation.
623 citations
Cites background from "Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..."
...…to recognise that OI strategy and design have yet to be defined and developed in emerging firms; and we know from entrepreneurship research (e.g. Fauchart and Gruber 2011) that the extent and the nature of the involvement of external partners depends in important ways on the founder’s prior…...
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TL;DR: Identities, people's subjectively construed understandings of who they were, are and desire to become, are implicated in, and thus key to understanding and explaining, almost everything that happens in and around organizations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Identities, people's subjectively construed understandings of who they were, are and desire to become, are implicated in, and thus key to understanding and explaining, almost everything that happens in and around organizations The research contribution that this review paper makes is threefold First, it analyses the often employed but rarely systematically explored concept ‘identity work’, and argues that it is one metaphor among many that may be useful in the analysis of professional and more generally work identities Second, it focuses on five fundamental, interconnected debates in contemporary identities research centred on notions of choice, stability, coherence, positivity and authenticity Third, it outlines the roles that the concept ‘identity work’ may play in bridging levels of analysis and disciplinary boundaries, and sketches some possible future identities-focused ideas for further research Under-specification has meant that ‘identity’ has not always fulfilled its analytical promise in either theoretical explorations of identities issues or in empirical studies of identities in practice; and it is to these ends that this paper seeks to contribute
531 citations
Cites background from "Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..."
...Identity work is a crucial aspect of processes of socialization (Ibarra 1999) and integral to any complete explanation of why and how people engage in entrepreneurship (Fauchart and Gruber 2011)....
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527 citations
Cites background from "Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..."
...From a theoretical standpoint, passion is more than the experience of strong emotions: it specifically concerns intense positive feelings for activities that are central and meaningful to an individual's self-identity (Cardon et al., 2009a; Farmer et al., 2011; Fauchart and Gruber, 2011; Murnieks and Mosakowski, 2006; Murnieks et al., 2012; Perttula, 2004)....
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...This is consistent with the view that not all entrepreneurs are alike when it comes to their identity (Fauchart and Gruber, 2011; Gartner et al., 1999; Hoang and Gimeno, 2010; Murnieks, 2007; Ucbasaran et al., 2008)....
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...…of strong emotions: it specifically concerns intense positive feelings for activities that are central and meaningful to an individual's self-identity (Cardon et al., 2009a; Farmer et al., 2011; Fauchart and Gruber, 2011; Murnieks and Mosakowski, 2006; Murnieks et al., 2012; Perttula, 2004)....
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TL;DR: A review of decision-making research in entrepreneurship can be found in this paper, where the authors inductively categorize the articles into decision making topics arranged along the primary activities associated with entrepreneurship (opportunity assessment decisions, entrepreneurial entry decisions, decisions about exploiting opportunities, entrepreneurial exit decisions, heuristics and biases in the decision making contex...
453 citations
Cites background from "Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..."
...Studies on entrepreneurial self-perception include perceived identity (Fauchart & Gruber, 2011) and ability levels (Gatewood, Shaver, & Gartner, 1995; Townsend, Busenitz, & Arthurs, 2010), such as the ability to manage risk (Podoynitsyna, Van der Bij, & Song, 2012), which can influence the decision…...
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...Founding a new venture is an act “infused with meaning” as it is “an expression of an individual’s identity, or self-concept” (Fauchart & Gruber, 2011: 935)....
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References
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Book•
12 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The Discovery of Grounded Theory as mentioned in this paper is a book about the discovery of grounded theories from data, both substantive and formal, which is a major task confronting sociologists and is understandable to both experts and laymen.
Abstract: Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.
53,267 citations
"Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This approach increased the probability that we would collect different and varied data on founder identities and actions and would have the opportunity to determine their range of variability (Glaser & Strauss, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994)....
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...We analyzed data collected through interviews and secondary sources using an inductive methodological approach (Glaser & Strauss, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994; Strauss & Corbin, 1998)....
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44,847 citations
Book•
12 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This book presents a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting, and describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis.
Abstract: Matthew B. Miles, Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook, Third Edition. The Third Edition of Miles & Huberman's classic research methods text is updated and streamlined by Johnny Saldana, author of The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Several of the data display strategies from previous editions are now presented in re-envisioned and reorganized formats to enhance reader accessibility and comprehension. The Third Edition's presentation of the fundamentals of research design and data management is followed by five distinct methods of analysis: exploring, describing, ordering, explaining, and predicting. Miles and Huberman's original research studies are profiled and accompanied with new examples from Saldana's recent qualitative work. The book's most celebrated chapter, "Drawing and Verifying Conclusions," is retained and revised, and the chapter on report writing has been greatly expanded, and is now called "Writing About Qualitative Research." Comprehensive and authoritative, Qualitative Data Analysis has been elegantly revised for a new generation of qualitative researchers. Johnny Saldana, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Second Edition. The Second Edition of Johnny Saldana's international bestseller provides an in-depth guide to the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Fully up-to-date, it includes new chapters, more coding techniques and an additional glossary. Clear, practical and authoritative, the book: describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis; demonstrates the writing of analytic memos; discusses available analytic software; suggests how best to use the book for particular studies. In total, 32 coding methods are profiled that can be applied to a range of research genres from grounded theory to phenomenology to narrative inquiry. For each approach, Saldana discusses the method's origins, a description of the method, practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. A unique and invaluable reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, this book is essential reading across the social sciences. Stephanie D. H. Evergreen, Presenting Data Effectively Communicating Your Findings for Maximum Impact. This is a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting. Written in an easy, accessible manner, Presenting Data Effectively provides guiding principles for designing data presentations so that they are more likely to be heard, remembered, and used. The guidance in the book stems from the author's extensive study of research reporting, a solid review of the literature in graphic design and related fields, and the input of a panel of graphic design experts. Those concepts are then translated into language relevant to students, researchers, evaluators, and non-profit workers - anyone in a position to have to report on data to an outside audience. The book guides the reader through design choices related to four primary areas: graphics, type, color, and arrangement. As a result, readers can present data more effectively, with the clarity and professionalism that best represents their work.
41,986 citations
"Darwinians, Communitarians and Miss..." refers background or methods in this paper
...We analyzed data collected through interviews and secondary sources using an inductive methodological approach (Glaser & Strauss, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994; Strauss & Corbin, 1998)....
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...Studying the interviews line by line, each of us first coded all responses that provided information on the identity meanings that the interviewees associated with being a founder (Miles & Huberman, 1994; Strauss & Corbin, 1998)....
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...This approach increased the probability that we would collect different and varied data on founder identities and actions and would have the opportunity to determine their range of variability (Glaser & Strauss, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994)....
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...(Miles & Huberman, 1994: 29)....
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...In keeping with the social identity literature and guidelines for coding and analyzing qualitative data (Miles & Huberman, 1994; Strauss & Corbin, 1998), we identified identity meanings by analyzing our transcribed interviews....
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Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Considerations for Getting Started and Techniques for Achieving Theoretical Integration are presented.
Abstract: Part I: Introduction to Grounded Theory of Anselm Strauss Chapter 1: Inspiration and Background Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations Chapter 3: Practical Considerations for Getting Started Chapter 4: Prelude to Analysis Chapter 5: Strategies for Qualitative Data Analysis Chapter 6: Memos and Diagrams Chapter 7: Theoretical Sampling Chapter 8: Context Chapter 9: Process Chapter 10: Techniques for Achieving Theoretical Integration Chapter 11: The Use of Computer Programs in Qualitative Data Analysis Part II: Research Demonstration Project Chapter 12 Open Coding: Identifying Concepts Chapter 13: Developing Concepts in Terms of Their Properties and Dimensions Chapter 14: Analyzing Data for Context Chapter 15: Bringing Process Into the Analysis Chapter 16: Integrating Categories Part III: Finishing the Research Project Chapter 17: Writing Theses, Monographs, and Dissertations, and Giving Talks About Your Research Chapter 18: Criteria for Evaluation Chapter 19: Student Questions and Answers
33,113 citations
TL;DR: The discipline and practice of qualitative research have been extensively studied in the literature as discussed by the authors, including the work of Denzin and Denzin, and their history in sociology and anthropology, as well as the role of women in qualitative research.
Abstract: Introduction - Norman K Denzin and Yvonna S Lincoln The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research PART ONE: LOCATING THE FIELD Qualitative Methods - Arthur J Vidich and Stanford M Lyman Their History in Sociology and Anthropology Reconstructing the Relationships between Universities and Society through Action Research - Davydd J Greenwood and Morten Levin For Whom? Qualitative Research, Representations and Social Responsibilities - Michelle Fine et al Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research - Clifford G Christians PART TWO: PARADIGMS AND PERSPECTIVES IN TRANSITION Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions and Emerging Confluences - Yvonna S Lincoln and Egon G Guba Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry - Thomas A Schwandt Interpretivism, Hermeneutics and Social Constructionism Feminisms and Qualitative Research at and into the Millennium - Virginia L Olesen Racialized Discourses and Ethnic Epistemologies - Gloria Ladson-Billings Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research - Joe L Kincheloe and Peter McLaren Cultural Studies - John Frow and Meaghan Morris Sexualities, Queer Theory and Qualitative Research - Joshua Gamson PART THREE: STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY The Choreography of Qualitative Research Design - Valerie J Janesick Minuets, Improvisations and Crystallization An Untold Story? Doing Funded Qualitative Research - Julianne Cheek Performance Ethnography - Michal M McCall A Brief History and Some Advice Case Studies - Robert E Stake Ethnography and Ethnographic Representation - Barbara Tedlock Analyzing Interpretive Practice - Jaber F Gubrium and James A Holstein Grounded Theory - Kathy Charmaz Objectivist and Constructivist Methods Undaunted Courage - William G Tierney Life History and the Postmodern Challenge Testimonio, Subalternity and Narrative Authority - John Beverley Participatory Action Research - Stephen Kemmis and Robin McTaggart Clinical Research - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree PART FOUR: METHODS OF COLLECTING AND ANALYZING EMPIRICAL MATERIALS The Interview - Andrea Fontana and James H Frey From Structured Questions to Negotiated Text Rethinking Observation - Michael V Angrosino and Kimberly A Mays de Perez From Method to Context The Interpretation of Documents and Material Culture - Ian Hodder Re-Imagining Visual Methods - Douglas Harper Galileo to Neuromancer Auto-Ethnography, Personal Narrative, Reflexivity - Carolyn Ellis and Arthur P Bochner Researcher as Subject Data Management and Analysis Methods - Gery W Ryan and H Russell Bernard Software and Qualitative Research - Eben A Weitzman Analyzing Talk and Text - David Silverman Focus Groups in Feminist Research - Esther Madriz Applied Ethnography - Erve Chambers PART FIVE: THE ART AND PRACTICES OF INTERPRETATION, EVALUATION AND REPRESENTATION The Problem of Criteria in the Age of Relativism - John K Smith and Deborah K Deemer The Practices and Politics of Interpretation - Norman K Denzin Writing - Laurel Richardson A Method of Inquiry Anthropological Poetics - Ivan Brady Understanding Social Programs through Evaluation - Jennifer C Greene Influencing the Policy Process with Qualitative Research - Ray C Rist PART SIX: THE FUTURE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Inquiry - Mary M Gergen and Kenneth J Gergen Tensions and Transformations The Seventh Moment - Yvonna S Lincoln and Norman K Denzin Out of the Past
26,318 citations