Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources
Citations
328 citations
Cites background from "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..."
...…the modern global ocean are currently being explored and evaluated as potential targets of deep-sea mining, predominantly because of their high contents of critical high-technology metals, such as Cu, Ni, Co, rare earths and yttrium (REY), Mo, Te, Li, and Pt, among others (e.g., Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
290 citations
Cites background from "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..."
...Cobalt is of economic interest because the metal has wideranging uses that include those in superalloys, such as in jet aircraft engines, and in battery technology (Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
...Cobalt-rich crusts, also referred to as ferromanganese crusts, form on the slopes and summits of seamounts and contain manganese, iron and a wide array of trace metals (cobalt, copper, nickel, and platinum; Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
...Seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), which are associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, have a high sulfide content but are also rich in copper, gold, zinc, lead, barium, and silver (Figure 2C; Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
...Cobalt-Rich Crusts at Seamounts Cobalt-rich crusts, also referred to as ferromanganese crusts, form on the slopes and summits of seamounts and contain manganese, iron and a wide array of trace metals (cobalt, copper, nickel, and platinum; Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
...Seafloor Massive Sulfides at Hydrothermal Vents Seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), which are associated with both active and inactive hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, have a high sulfide content but are also rich in copper, gold, zinc, lead, barium, and silver (Figure 2C; Hein et al., 2013)....
[...]
264 citations
Cites background from "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..."
...A variety of processes in the deep sea leads to large areas of concentrated metals reserves on the abyssal floor, at hydrothermal vents, and in certain areas covered by rich crusts of minerals (e.g., Hein et al, 2013)....
[...]
252 citations
Cites background from "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..."
...Likewise, the surge of interest in minerals from the deep sea is linked to a growing demand for metals to sustain the development of high-tech products, including those needed for a low carbon future.(45,46) Exploratory mining licenses have been granted for more than 1....
[...]
245 citations
References
1,628 citations
442 citations
441 citations
363 citations
"Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..." refers background in this paper
..., Co, Pt, Te, Ce, Tl), substitution, and possibly precipitation of discrete phases (Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995; Koschinsky and Hein, 2003)....
[...]
...Secondorder processes include surface oxidation (e.g., Co, Pt, Te, Ce, Tl), substitution, and possibly precipitation of discrete phases (Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995; Koschinsky and Hein, 2003)....
[...]
319 citations
"Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a so..." refers background in this paper
..., Co, Pt, Te, Ce, Tl), substitution, and possibly precipitation of discrete phases (Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995; Koschinsky and Hein, 2003)....
[...]
...Secondorder processes include surface oxidation (e.g., Co, Pt, Te, Ce, Tl), substitution, and possibly precipitation of discrete phases (Koschinsky and Halbach, 1995; Koschinsky and Hein, 2003)....
[...]