Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation
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...4‰ lower than that of Holocene shells, a shift that has been interpreted as reflecting a transfer of continental organic carbon, which has a low 13 C/ 12 C ratio, to the ocean/atmosphere inorganic carbon reservoir during ice age...
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..., 2002); and (3) formation of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water south of Iceland (Duplessy et al., 1988; Sarnthein et al., 1994; Pflaumann et al., 2003)....
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...Those that are the most robust and, therefore, the most useful for evaluating model performance are (1) a shallower boundary, at a level of about 2,000–2,500 m, between Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water and Antarctic Bottom Water (Duplessy et al., 1988; Boyle, 1992; Curry and Oppo, 2005; Marchitto and Broecker, 2006); (2) a reverse in the north-south salinity gradient in the deep ocean to the Southern Ocean being much saltier than the North Atlantic (Adkins et al....
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...1 Water Mass Tracers The most widely used proxy of millennial-scale changes in the AMOC is δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon, as recorded in the shells of bottom-dwelling (benthic) foraminifera, which differentiates the location, depth, and volume of nutrient-depleted North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) relative to underlying nutrient-enriched Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) (Boyle and Keigwin, 1982; Curry and Lohmann, 1982; Duplessy et al., 1988)....
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...During the LGM, however, these proxies indicate that the deep water masses below 2 kilometers (km) depth appear to be older (Keigwin, 2004) and more nutrient rich (Duplessy et al., 1988; Sarnthein et al., 1994; Bickert and Mackensen, 2004; Curry and Oppo, 2005; Marchitto and Broecker, 2006) than the waters above 2 km, suggesting a northward expansion of AABW and corresponding shoaling of NADW to form Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW) (Fig....
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...However, it has long been observed that in contrast with the deep north Atlantic Ocean, dissolution was less intense in most of the Pacific Ocean during isotope stage 2, with a deepening of a few hundred meters of the carbonate compensation depth [Broecker, 1982]....
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