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Journal ArticleDOI

Defects on surfaces

01 Mar 1988-Bulletin of Materials Science (Springer India)-Vol. 10, Iss: 1, pp 161-172
TL;DR: A brief review of various types of defects on surfaces and their role in surface reactions is presented in this article, with particular emphasis on defects like steps/kinks and additives (promoters and poison).
Abstract: A brief review of various types of defects on surfaces and their role in surface reactions is presented. Particular emphasis is given on defects like steps/kinks and additives (promoters and poison).
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a density functional theory study has been carried out to investigate the hydration kinetics of periclase (MgO) through the interaction between water and pericloase (0, 0, 1) and (1, 1, 1), 1) surfaces.

4 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, surface microscopy using vacuum tunneling has been demonstrated for the first time, and topographic pictures of surfaces on an atomic scale have been obtained for CaIrSn 4 and Au.
Abstract: Surface microscopy using vacuum tunneling is demonstrated for the first time. Topographic pictures of surfaces on an atomic scale have been obtained. Examples of resolved monoatomic steps and surface reconstructions are shown for (110) surfaces of CaIrSn 4 and Au.

4,290 citations

Journal Article

2,115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified adatom model with 12 adatoms per unit cell and an inhomogeneously relaxed underlying top layer was used for Si(111) reconstruction.
Abstract: The 7× 7 reconstruction on Si(111) was observed in real space by scanning tunneling microscopy. The experiment strongly favors a modified adatom model with 12 adatoms per unit cell and an inhomogeneously relaxed underlying top layer.

1,550 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the picture of Wigner and Bardeen according to which the work function is a sum of a volume contribution and a contribution due to a double layer on the surface of the metal.
Abstract: Work function is experimentally known to be different for different faces of a crystal by amounts ranging from one-tenth to half a volt. For tungsten the faces can be arranged according to decreasing work function as follows: 110, 211, 100 and finally 111. The explanations so far suggested for the differences of the work function are discussed and shown to give either an incorrect sequence or a wrong order of magnitude of the observed differences. The author uses the picture of Wigner and Bardeen according to which the work function is a sum of a volume contribution and a contribution due to a double layer on the surface of the metal. The origin of the latter can be described in the following manner. With every atom one can associate a polyhedron ("$s$-polyhedron") with the atom at its center, such that it contains all points nearer to the atom under consideration than to any other atom. If the distribution of the electron density within these polyhedra of the surface atoms was the same as for the inside atoms then there would be no double layer on the surface. However, this is not the case since the total energy is lowered by a redistribution of the electron cloud on the surface. There are two effects: the first is a partial spread of the charge out of the $s$-polyhedra and the second is a tendency to smooth out the surface of the polyhedra. In consequence of the second effect the surfaces of equal charge density are more nearly plane than in the original picture. The two effects have opposite influences and since they are comparable in magnitude, it is not possible to predict the sign of the total double layer without numerical computations. Some general formulae for the double layers are derived and discussed more fully in the case of a simple cubic and a body-centered cubic lattice. The minimum problem of the surface energy is solved for four faces of a body-centered crystal and the results are applied to the case of tungsten. One obtains the differences between the work functions for different directions. The results agree satisfactorily with the experimental data: assuming a reasonable density of the free electrons, one obtains the correct sequence of faces and the correct differences of the work function. The surface energies are calculated an d found in agreement with the observed stability of certain crystal faces.

1,117 citations