Definition and development of a crash dummy head
01 Feb 1974-Vol. 18
TL;DR: In this paper, the GM Research skull and head geometry models are used to design a crash test dummy head. The head design concept is compatible with current head injury assessment procedures, and the configuration is based on the head geometry model.
Abstract: Crash test dummies serve as human surrogates in automotive crash simulations, and accelerations monitored in the heads of these dummies are used for assessment of human head injury hazard. For these acceleration measurements to be meaningful indicators of head injury, the impact response of the human head must be a part of dummy head design. This paper describes the conception, design and development of a crash test dummy head. Geometric, inertial, and performance requirements based on biomechanical information are presented and discussed. The head design concept is compatible with current head injury assessment procedures, and the configuration is based on the GM Research skull and head geometry models. The manufacture and development are described, and the test procedures and results are presented and discussed with reference to the biomechanical and functional requirements. The resulting dummy head is shown to comply with these requirements.
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01 Mar 2000
TL;DR: In the SNPRM on advanced air bags, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed a comprehensive set of injury criteria for evaluating the potential for injury to the head, neck, chest and lower extremities for the various dummy sizes, ranging from the 1-year-old child to the 50th percentile male as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the SNPRM on advanced air bags, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed a comprehensive set of injury criteria for evaluating the potential for injury to the head, neck, chest and lower extremities for the various dummy sizes, ranging from the 1-year-old child to the 50th percentile male. The comments received and the agency's responses are summarized in this paper and the various performance limits implemented in the final rule are shown in Table SES-1.In the SNPRM on advanced air bags, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed a comprehensive set of injury criteria for evaluating the potential for injury to the head, neck, chest and lower extremities for the various dummy sizes, ranging from the 1-year-old child to the 50th percentile male. The comments received and the agency's responses are summarized in this paper and the various performance limits implemented in the final rule are shown in Table SES-1.
612 citations
01 Feb 1977
TL;DR: The Hybrid III test dummy as discussed by the authors is based on the ATD 502 test dummy developed by General Motors under contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and is a biomechanically-based head design, human-like automotive seating posture, constant torque primary joints, and detailed documentation for fabrication.
Abstract: The paper describes the Hybrid III test dummy based on the ATD 502 dummy which was developed in 1973 by General Motors under contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Like the ATD 502, Hybrid III features a biomechanically-based head design, human- like automotive seating posture, constant torque primary joints, and detailed documentation for fabrication. Hybrid III uniquely features a biomechanically-based neck, thorax, and knee covering. Transducers for measurement of neck loads and chest deflection are integral parts of the design. Dynamic responses are presented for head, neck, thorax and knee components. For the covering abstract see IRRD 864472.
229 citations
TL;DR: The central aspects of injury biomechanics research are defined and research approaches described, and research priorities emphasizing functional impairment are proposed.
182 citations
TL;DR: A synthesis of biomedical investigations of the human head with specific reference to certain aspects of physical properties and development of anthropometry data, leading to the advancement of dummies used in crashworthiness research is presented.
179 citations
Cites background from "Definition and development of a cra..."
...Note the approximately fifty percent tolerance value, s following features: mass and MOI about the lateral axis that passes through CG representative of the 50th-percentile male (Hubbard and McLeod, 1974; Mertz, 1985)....
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...Table 9 Recommended requirements of 50th percentile dummy head (Hubbard and McLeod, 1974)....
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...In 1974, GM in-house requirements (Table 9) for the 50thpercentile dummy head were reported (Hubbard and McLeod, 1974)....
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TL;DR: A family of adult and child size dummies was developed under the direction of two task groups of the SAE Mechanical Human Simulation Subcommittee of the Human Biomechanics and Simulation Standards Committee, taking into account the differences in size, mass and elastic modulus of bone between adults and children.
Abstract: A family of adult and child size dummies was developed under the direction of two task groups of the SAE Mechanical Human Simulation Subcommittee of the Human Biomechanics and Simulation Standards Committee. These new child size dummies represent fiftieth percentile children who are 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 3 years, and 6 years old. The sizes and total body weights of the dummies were based on detailed anthropometry studies of children of these ages. The techniques used to establish the segment masses and the resulting design goals are detailed. Appropriate impact response requirements were scaled from the biofidelity response requirements of the Hybrid III, taking into account the differences in size, mass and elastic modulus of bone between adults and children. The techniques used to establish the biomechanical impact response requirements for the child dummies are discussed and the resulting biomechanical impact response requirements are given.
160 citations
References
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01 Aug 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, a methodical investigation and measurement of human dynamic response to impact acceleration was conducted, where linear accelerations were measured on the top of the head, at the mouth, and at the base of the neck.
Abstract: : A methodical investigation and measurement of human dynamic response to impact acceleration was conducted. Linear accelerations were measured on the top of the head, at the mouth, and at the base of the neck. Angular velocity was also measured at the base of the neck and at the mouth. A redundant photographic system was used for validation. All data were collected in computer-compatible format and data processing was by digital computer. Selected data analysis on 41 representative human runs involving 12 subjects of the 236 human runs completed to date are presented. Description of the experimental design, data collection and processing is given in detail. Ancillary research efforts in support of the program are also described. Representative plots of the human kinematic response are presented, discussed, and compared. Repeatability and quality control plots are alos presented. There are a total of 755 computer drawn plots illustrating a characteristic, repeatable response of human subjects to impact acceleration. (Author)
127 citations
TL;DR: Miniature accelerometers and pressure transducers were placed in the brain to measure its response to vibration at constant g-levels and variable frequency and indicated that the brain is very nearly critically damped.
93 citations
01 Sep 1954
TL;DR: In this article, body size data for 132 measurements of over 4,000 Air Force flying personnel are presented, including both diametral and surface measurements, in both centimeters and inches, and a description of the statistics and an explanation of their use are given with some discussion of certain statistical shortcuts employed in the reduction of the data.
Abstract: : Body size data for 132 measurements of over 4,000 Air Force flying personnel are presented. Organization of the survey is briefly discussed and the techniques of measurement are illustrated by photographs for the benefit of other anthropologists. Both diametral and surface measurements are included. Dimensions are given in both centimeters and inches. A description of the statistics and an explanation of their use are given with some discussion of certain statistical shortcuts employed in the reduction of the data. The tabulations include range, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and twenty-five selected values from the first to the ninety-ninth percentile. Means and standard deviation values for each dimension are also given for nine subgroups based on flight duties.
61 citations
01 Feb 1972
TL;DR: In this article, procedures to determine the center of mass and the moments of inertia in three dimensions of previously defined anatomical segments are presented, applied to the human head and head-and-neck.
Abstract: : Procedures to determine the center of mass and the moments of inertia in three dimensions of previously defined anatomical segments are presented. As an illustration, these procedures are applied to the human head and head-and- neck. The results of measurements made on six human heads and three head-and- necks are presented and discussed.
52 citations
01 Feb 1968
34 citations