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Report•DOI•

Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development

Jason Jonkman, Sandy Butterfield, W. Musial, G. Scott
01 Feb 2009-
TL;DR: In this article, a three-bladed, upwind, variable speed, variable blade-pitch-to-feather-controlled multimegawatt wind turbine model developed by NREL to support concept studies aimed at assessing offshore wind technology is described.
Abstract: This report describes a three-bladed, upwind, variable-speed, variable blade-pitch-to-feather-controlled multimegawatt wind turbine model developed by NREL to support concept studies aimed at assessing offshore wind technology.
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Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Technical Report
NREL/TP-500-38060
February 2009
Definition of a 5-MW Reference
Wind Turbine for Offshore
System Development
J. Jonkman, S. Butterfield, W. Musial, and
G. Scott
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393
303-275-3000
•
www.nrel.gov
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308
Technical Report
NREL/TP-500-38060
February 2009
Definition of a 5-MW Reference
Wind Turbine for Offshore
System Development
J. Jonkman, S. Butterfield, W. Musial, and
G. Scott
Prepared under Task No. WER5.3301
NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.
Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any
warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not
infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by
trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and
opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
government or any agency thereof.
Available electronically at
http://www.osti.gov/bridge
Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy
and its contractors, in paper, from:
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iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADAMS
®
= Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems
A2AD = ADAMS-to-AeroDyn
BEM = blade-element / momentum
CM = center of mass
DLL = dynamic link library
DOE = U.S. Department of Energy
DOF = degree of freedom
DOWEC = Dutch Offshore Wind Energy Converter project
DU = Delft University
ECN = Energy Research Center of the Netherlands
equiripple = equalized-ripple
FAST = Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence
GE = General Electric
IEA = International Energy Agency
MSL = mean sea level
NACA = National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NREL = National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NWTC = National Wind Technology Center
OCS = offshore continental shelf
OC3 = Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative
PI = proportional-integral
PID = proportional-integral-derivative
RECOFF = Recommendations for Design of Offshore Wind Turbines project
WindPACT = Wind Partnerships for Advanced Component Technology project
w.r.t. = with respect to
iv
Nomenclature
A
d
= discrete-time state matrix
B
d
= discrete-time input matrix
C
d
= discrete-time output state matrix
C
φ
= effective damping in the equation of motion for the rotor-speed error
D
d
= discrete-time input transmission matrix
f
c
= corner frequency
GK = gain-correction factor
I
Drivetrain
= drivetrain inertia cast to the low-speed shaft
I
Gen
= generator inertia relative to the high-speed shaft
I
Rotor
= rotor inertia
K
D
= blade-pitch controller derivative gain
K
I
= blade-pitch controller integral gain
K
P
= blade-pitch controller proportional gain
K
φ
= effective stiffness in the equation of motion for the rotor-speed error
M
φ
= effective inertia (mass) in the equation of motion for the rotor-speed error
n = discrete-time-step counter
N
Gear
= high-speed to low-speed gearbox ratio
P = mechanical power
P
0
= rated mechanical power
P
θ
∂∂
= sensitivity of the aerodynamic power to the rotor-collective blade-pitch angle
t = simulation time
T
Aero
= aerodynamic torque in the low-speed shaft
T
Gen
= generator torque in the high-speed shaft
Citations
More filters
Report•DOI•
Dynamics Modeling and Loads Analysis of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine

[...]

Jason Jonkman
01 Dec 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development, verification, and application of a comprehensive simulation tool for modeling coupled dynamic responses of offshore floating wind turbines, which is used to simulate the dynamic response of wind turbines.
Abstract: This report describes the development, verification, and application of a comprehensive simulation tool for modeling coupled dynamic responses of offshore floating wind turbines.

677 citations

Cites background from "Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..."

  • ...Butterfield, Musial, Scott, and I have submitted the material in Chapter 3 for publication [42] and Buhl and I have already summarized parts of the information [41,43]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low-carbon technologies.

[...]

Edgar G. Hertwich1, Thomas Gibon1, Evert A. Bouman1, Anders Arvesen1, Sangwon Suh2, Garvin Heath3, Joseph D. Bergesen2, Andrea Ramirez4, Mabel Vega5, Lei Shi6 •
Norwegian University of Science and Technology1, University of California, Santa Barbara2, National Renewable Energy Laboratory3, Utrecht University4, University of Concepción5, Tsinghua University6
19 May 2015-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
TL;DR: This paper presents the first global, integrated life-cycle assessment of the large-scale implementation of climate-mitigation technologies, addressing the feedback of the electricity system onto itself and using scenario-consistent assumptions of technical improvements in key energy and material production technologies.
Abstract: Decarbonization of electricity generation can support climate-change mitigation and presents an opportunity to address pollution resulting from fossil-fuel combustion. Generally, renewable technologies require higher initial investments in infrastructure than fossil-based power systems. To assess the tradeoffs of increased up-front emissions and reduced operational emissions, we present, to our knowledge, the first global, integrated life-cycle assessment (LCA) of long-term, wide-scale implementation of electricity generation from renewable sources (i.e., photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind, and hydropower) and of carbon dioxide capture and storage for fossil power generation. We compare emissions causing particulate matter exposure, freshwater ecotoxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and climate change for the climate-change-mitigation (BLUE Map) and business-as-usual (Baseline) scenarios of the International Energy Agency up to 2050. We use a vintage stock model to conduct an LCA of newly installed capacity year-by-year for each region, thus accounting for changes in the energy mix used to manufacture future power plants. Under the Baseline scenario, emissions of air and water pollutants more than double whereas the low-carbon technologies introduced in the BLUE Map scenario allow a doubling of electricity supply while stabilizing or even reducing pollution. Material requirements per unit generation for low-carbon technologies can be higher than for conventional fossil generation: 11-40 times more copper for photovoltaic systems and 6-14 times more iron for wind power plants. However, only two years of current global copper and one year of iron production will suffice to build a low-carbon energy system capable of supplying the world's electricity needs in 2050.

540 citations

Cites background from "Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..."

  • ...Rotor, hub, nacelle, and tower total weights were from (21) (onshore case) and (48) (offshore)....

    [...]

Report•DOI•
Definition of the Floating System for Phase IV of OC3

[...]

Jason Jonkman1•
Office of Scientific and Technical Information1
01 May 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the specifications of an offshore floating wind turbine, which are needed by the participants for building aero-hydro-servo-elastic models during the IEA Annex XXIII Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3).
Abstract: Phase IV of the IEA Annex XXIII Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) involves the modeling of an offshore floating wind turbine. This report documents the specifications of the floating system, which are needed by the OC3 participants for building aero-hydro-servo-elastic models.

515 citations

Cites background or methods from "Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..."

  • ...The NREL 5-MW wind turbine uses a conventional variable-speed, variable blade-pitch-tofeather control system [7]....

    [...]

  • ...[7], this frequency and the damping ratio used prior were used to derive the reduced proportional gain at minimum blade-pitch setting of 0....

    [...]

  • ...[7]) to arrive at a control system that is suitable for when the turbine is installed on the OC3-Hywind spar-buoy....

    [...]

  • ...6 rad/s [7] is above the platform-pitch natural frequency of about 0....

    [...]

  • ...As in previous phases of the OC3 project, Phase IV uses the turbine specifications of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine [7], which is a representative utility-scale, multi-megawatt turbine that has also been adopted as the reference model for the integrated European UpWind research program....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A numerical study of the effects of atmospheric and wake turbulence on wind turbine dynamics

[...]

Matthew J. Churchfield1, Sang Lee1, John Michalakes1, Patrick Moriarty1•
National Renewable Energy Laboratory1
02 May 2012-Journal of Turbulence
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of atmospheric stability and surface roughness on wind turbine dynamics have been studied, and the authors used large-eddy simulation to create atmospheric winds and compute the wind turbine flows, and modeled the wind turbines as revolving and flexible actuator lines coupled to a wind turbine structural and system dynamic model.
Abstract: Although the atmospheric sciences community has been studying the effects of atmospheric stability and surface roughness on the planetary boundary layer for some time, their effects on wind turbine dynamics have not been well studied. In this study, we performed numerical experiments to explore some of the effects of atmospheric stability and surface roughness on wind turbine dynamics. We used large-eddy simulation to create atmospheric winds and compute the wind turbine flows, and we modeled the wind turbines as revolving and flexible actuator lines coupled to a wind turbine structural and system dynamic model. We examined the structural moments about the wind turbine blade, low-speed shaft, and nacelle; power production; and wake evolution when large 5-MW turbines are subjected to winds generated from low- and high-surface roughness levels representative of offshore and onshore conditions, respectively, and also neutral and unstable atmospheric conditions. In addition, we placed a second turbine 7 rotor...

511 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Wind plant power optimization through yaw control using a parametric model for wake effects—a CFD simulation study

[...]

P.M.O. Gebraad1, F. W. Teeuwisse1, J.W. van Wingerden1, Paul Fleming2, Shalom D. Ruben3, Jason R. Marden3, Lucy Y. Pao3 •
Delft University of Technology1, National Renewable Energy Laboratory2, University of Colorado Boulder3
01 Jan 2016-Wind Energy
TL;DR: In this article, a wind plant control strategy that optimizes the yaw settings of wind turbines for improved energy production of the whole wind plant by taking into account wake effects is presented.
Abstract: This article presents a wind plant control strategy that optimizes the yaw settings of wind turbines for improved energy production of the whole wind plant by taking into account wake effects. The optimization controller is based on a novel internal parametric model for wake effects called the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady-state (FLORIS) model. The FLORIS model predicts the steady-state wake locations and the effective flow velocities at each turbine, and the resulting turbine electrical energy production levels, as a function of the axial induction and the yaw angle of the different rotors. The FLORIS model has a limited number of parameters that are estimated based on turbine electrical power production data. In high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations of a small wind plant, we demonstrate that the optimization control based on the FLORIS model increases the energy production of the wind plant, with a reduction of loads on the turbines as an additional effect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

502 citations

References
More filters
Book•
The scientist and engineer's guide to digital signal processing

[...]

Steven W. Smith
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Getting Started with DSPs 30: Complex Numbers 31: The Complex Fourier Transform 32: The Laplace Transform 33: The z-Transform Chapter 27 Data Compression / JPEG (Transform Compression)
Abstract: In early 1980s, DSP was taught as a graduate level course in electrical engineering. A decade later, DSP had become a standart part of the ungraduate curriculum.

3,046 citations

"Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...To mitigate high-frequency excitation of the control systems, we filtered the generator speed measurement for both the torque and pitch controllers using a recursive, single-pole low-pass filter with exponential smoothing [30]....

    [...]

  • ...The drawbacks to this filter are its gentle roll-off in the stop band (-6 dB/octave) and the magnitude and nonlinearity of its phase lag in the pass band [30]....

    [...]

Report•DOI•
Dynamics Modeling and Loads Analysis of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine

[...]

Jason Jonkman
01 Dec 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development, verification, and application of a comprehensive simulation tool for modeling coupled dynamic responses of offshore floating wind turbines, which is used to simulate the dynamic response of wind turbines.
Abstract: This report describes the development, verification, and application of a comprehensive simulation tool for modeling coupled dynamic responses of offshore floating wind turbines.

677 citations

Additional excerpts

  • ...DOE’s Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program [1,2,7,12,28,33,34]....

    [...]

  • ...The NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine has been used to establish the reference specifications for a number of research projects supported by the U.S. DOE’s Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program [1,2,7,12,28,33,34]....

    [...]

Report•DOI•
AeroDyn Theory Manual

[...]

Patrick Moriarty1, A. C. Hansen•
Office of Scientific and Technical Information1
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: AeroDyn as discussed by the authors is a set of routines used in conjunction with an aeroelastic simulation code to predict the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines, including the effect of wind turbine wakes.
Abstract: AeroDyn is a set of routines used in conjunction with an aeroelastic simulation code to predict the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines. These subroutines provide several different models whose theoretical bases are described in this manual. AeroDyn contains two models for calculating the effect of wind turbine wakes: the blade element momentum theory and the generalized dynamic-wake theory. Blade element momentum theory is the classical standard used by many wind turbine designers and generalized dynamic wake theory is a more recent model useful for modeling skewed and unsteady wake dynamics. When using the blade element momentum theory, various corrections are available for the user, such as incorporating the aerodynamic effects of tip losses, hub losses, and skewed wakes. With the generalized dynamic wake, all of these effects are automatically included. Both of these methods are used to calculate the axial induced velocities from the wake in the rotor plane. The user also has the option of calculating the rotational induced velocity. In addition, AeroDyn contains an important model for dynamic stall based on the semi-empirical Beddoes-Leishman model. This model is particularly important for yawed wind turbines. Another aerodynamic model in AeroDyn is a tower shadow model based on potentialmore » flow around a cylinder and an expanding wake. Finally, AeroDyn has the ability to read several different formats of wind input, including single-point hub-height wind files or multiple-point turbulent winds.« less

625 citations

Control design for a pitch-regulated, variable speed wind turbine

[...]

Morten Hartvig Hansen1, Anca Daniela Hansen1, Torben J. Larsen1, Stig Øye, Poul Ejnar Sørensen, Peter Fuglsang •
Technical University of Denmark1
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The main results of the numerical optimisation of the control parameters in the pitch PI-regulator performed in Chapter 6 are the following: • Numerical optimization can be used to tune controller parameters, especially when the optimization is used as refinement of a qualified initial guess.
Abstract: The three different controller designs presented herein are similar and all based on PI-regulation of rotor speed and power through the collective blade pitch angle and generator moment. The aeroelastic and electrical modelling used for the time-domain analysis of these controllers are however different, which makes a directly quantitative comparison difficult. But there are some observations of similar behaviours should be mentioned: 1) Very similar step responses in rotor speed, pitch angle, and power are seen for simulations with steps in wind speed. 2) All controllers show a peak in power for wind speed step-up over rated wind speed, which can be almost removed by changing the parameters of the frequency converter. 3) Responses of rotor speed, pitch angle, and power for different simulations with turbulent inflow are similar for all three controllers. Again, there seems to be an advantage of tuning the parameters of the frequency converter to obtain a more constant power output. The dynamic modelling of the power controller is an important result for the inclusion of generator dynamics in the aeroelastic modelling of wind turbines. A reduced dynamic model of the relation between generator torque and generator speed variations is presented; where the integral term of the inner PI-regulator of rotor current is removed be-cause the time constant is very small compared to the important aeroelastic frequencies. It is shown how the parameters of the transfer function for the remaining control system with the outer PI-regulator of power can be derived from the generator data sheet. The main results of the numerical optimisation of the control parameters in the pitch PI-regulator performed in Chapter 6 are the following: 1) Numerical optimization can be used to tune controller parameters, especially when the optimization is used as refinement of a qualified initial guess. 2) The design model used to calculate the initial value parameters, as described in Chapter 3, could not be refined much in terms of performance related to the flapwise blade root moment (1-2 %) and tilt tower base moment (2-3 %). 3) Numerical optimization of control parameters is not well suited for tuning from scratch. If the initial parameters are too far off track the simulation might not come through, or a not representative local maximum obtained. The last problem could very well be related to the chosen optimization method, where more future work could be done. (au)

267 citations

"Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..." refers background in this paper

  • ...[10], the resulting gains are KP(θ = 0o) = 0....

    [...]

  • ...[10] recommends neglecting the derivative gain, ignoring the negative damping from the generator-torque controller, and aiming for the response characteristics given by ωφn = 0....

    [...]

Proceedings Article•DOI•
Feasibility of Floating Platform Systems for Wind Turbines: Preprint

[...]

Walter Musial1, Sandy Butterfield1, A. Boone1•
National Renewable Energy Laboratory1
05 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a general technical description of several types of floating platforms for wind turbines, classified into multiple-or single-turbine floaters and by mooring method.
Abstract: This paper provides a general technical description of several types of floating platforms for wind turbines. Platform topologies are classified into multiple- or single-turbine floaters and by mooring method. Platforms using catenary mooring systems are contrasted to vertical mooring systems and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Specific anchor types are described in detail. A rough cost comparison is performed for two different platform architectures using a generic 5-MW wind turbine. One platform is a Dutch study of a tri-floater platform using a catenary mooring system, and the other is a mono-column tension-leg platform developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cost estimates showed that single unit production cost is $7.1 M for the Dutch tri-floater, and $6.5 M for the NREL TLP concept. However, value engineering, multiple unit series production, and platform/turbine system optimization can lower the unit platform costs to $4.26 M and $2.88 M, respectively, with significant potential to reduce cost further with system optimization. These foundation costs are within the range necessary to bring the cost of energy down to the DOE target range of $0.05/kWh for large-scale deployment of offshore floating wind turbines.

202 citations

"Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Because of the large portion of system costs in the support structure of an offshore wind system, we understood from the outset that if a deepwater wind system is to be cost-effective, each individual wind turbine must be rated at 5 MW or higher [23]....

    [...]

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