Delayed habituation of the electrodermal orienting response as a function of increased level of arousal.
TL;DR: Level of arousal was manipulated by having subjects perform arithmetic tasks during a habituation procedure, which consisted of 55 presentations or a 1000 Hz tone, and a threat of shock was added to the task performance in order to include aspects of stress in the arousal manipulation.
Abstract: Level of arousal was manipulated by having subjects perform arithmetic tasks during a habituation procedure, which consisted of 55 presentations or a 1000 Hz 80 dB tone For one group a threat of shock was added to the task performance in order to include aspects of stress in the arousal manipulation These two groups were compared with a group who heard the same stimuli but were simply instructed to relax The three groups differed in level of arousal according to KEG signs of drowsiness, skin conductance level, and frequency of spontaneous skin conductance responses, All three groups differed from each other in number of trials to habituation criterion for skin conductance responses to stimuli Since the delay of habituation was seen tin- both the Task group and the Shock-threat group, it was concluded that the effect was not bound to aspects of stress but was a general effect of increased arousal For vasomotor responses an analysis in terms of habituation was difficult to apply because the two high arousal groups were very unresponsive from the beginning
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TL;DR: In this paper, the SPR Board provides recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA) and a short outline of principles for EDA measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated.
Abstract: This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand-alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current-to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided.
1,609 citations
Cites background from "Delayed habituation of the electrod..."
...SCRs are both heightened by administration of dextroamphetamine (Zahn, Rapoport, & Thompson, 1981), caffeine (Zahn & Rapoport, 1987), and threatening instructions (Bohlin, 1976)....
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TL;DR: Ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance indicated that the fearful Ss felt more negative, more aroused, and less dominant in relation to both masked and nonmasked phobic stimuli.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that an unconscious preattentive perceptual analysis of phobic stimuli is sufficient to elicit human fear responses. Selected snake- and spider-fearful Ss, as well as normal controls, were exposed to pictures of snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. A separate forced-choice recognition experiment established backward masking conditions that effectively precluded recognition of experimental stimuli both for fearful and nonfearful Ss. In the main experiment, these conditions were used to compare skin conductance responses (SCRs) to masked and nonmasked phobic and control pictures among fearful and nonfearful Ss. In support of the hypotheses, snake- and spider-fearful Ss showed elevated SCRs to snake and spider pictures as compared with neutral pictures and with responses of the nonfearful Ss under both masking conditions. Ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance indicated that the fearful Ss felt more negative, more aroused, and less dominant in relation to both masked and nonmasked phobic stimuli.
549 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that similar brain mechanisms may underlie contextual fear conditioning across species using functional magnetic resonance imaging and virtual reality contexts to establish evidence for context conditioning.
Abstract: Functional imaging studies of cued fear conditioning in humans have mostly confirmed findings in animals, but it is unclear whether the brain mechanisms that underlie contextual fear conditioning in animals are also preserved in humans. We investigated this issue using functional magnetic resonance imaging and virtual reality contexts. Subjects underwent differential context conditioning in which they were repeatedly exposed to two contexts (CXT+ and CXT−) in semirandom order, with contexts counterbalanced across participants. An unsignaled footshock was consistently paired with the CXT+, and no shock was ever delivered in the CXT−. Evidence for context conditioning was established using skin conductance and anxiety ratings. Consistent with animal models centrally implicating the hippocampus and amygdala in a network supporting context conditioning, CXT+ compared with CXT− significantly activated right anterior hippocampus and bilateral amygdala. In addition, context conditioning was associated with activation in posterior orbitofrontal cortex, medial dorsal thalamus, anterior insula, subgenual anterior cingulate, and parahippocampal, inferior frontal, and parietal cortices. Structural equation modeling was used to assess interactions among the core brain regions mediating context conditioning. The derived model indicated that medial amygdala was the source of key efferent and afferent connections including input from orbitofrontal cortex. These results provide evidence that similar brain mechanisms may underlie contextual fear conditioning across species.
285 citations
Cites result from "Delayed habituation of the electrod..."
...As expected on the basis of previous studies involving threat (Bohlin, 1976), SCL in CXT and CXT increased over time, reflecting increased tonic arousal, and SCL habituation was reduced as suggested by a weak qua- dratic trend of run (F(1,11) 4.1; p 0.068)....
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...As expected on the basis of previous studies involving threat (Bohlin, 1976), SCL in CXT and CXT increased over time, reflecting increased tonic arousal, and SCL habituation was reduced as suggested by a weak quadratic trend of run (F(1,11) 4....
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TL;DR: High heightened sensitivity to aversive stimulation appears to be associated with a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, while tonic hyperarousal , which occurs in subgroups of symptomatic and remitted schizophrenic patients, may reflect a later developmental consequence of the underlying vulnerability.
Abstract: Psychophysiological anomalies in symptomatic schizophrenic patients, remitted schizophrenic patients, and individuals at heightened risk for a schizophrenic disorder are reviewed with an emphasis on electrodermal anomalies. Two electrodermal anomalies are identified in different subgroups of symptomatic patients: (1) an abnormally high sympathetic arousal and (2) an abnormal absence of skin conductance orienting responses to innocuous environmental stimuli. The same two electrodermal anomalies also have been observed in remitted schizophrenic patients. Among high-risk individuals, the offspring of schizophrenic patients display abnormally high electrodermal responsiveness to aversive stimulation, whereas a substantial proportion of college students who score high on physical anhedonia (a putative risk factor for schizophrenia) exhibit skin conductance nonresponsiveness. Thus, heightened sensitivity to aversive stimulation appears to be associated with a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, while tonic hyperarousal , which occurs in subgroups of symptomatic and remitted schizophrenic patients, may reflect a later developmental consequence of the underlying vulnerability. Skin conductance nonresponsivity may represent a different developmental consequence associated with the same underlying vulnerability or it may represent a different type of vulnerability. Other psychophysiological anomalies also are promising indicators of the vulnerability to schizophrenia (e.g., deviant smooth pursuit eye movements, attenuated P300 component of the event-related brain potential, reduced electroencephalic (EEG) alpha activity, and heightened EEG delta activity).
195 citations
Cites background from "Delayed habituation of the electrod..."
...Thus, behavioral manipulations which increase arousal (e.g., threat of shock or instructions to perform a task) also significantly increase the rate of NS-SCRs (Katkin 1975; Bohlin 1976)....
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...However, this value can be substantially increased if the stimulus is made task-significant (Ray, Piroch, and Kimmel 1977) or intense (Turpin and Siddle 1979) or if the subject's tonic arousal level is increased (Bohlin 1976)....
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...However, this value can be substantially increased if the stimulus is made task-significant (Ray, Piroch, and Kimmel 1977) or intense (Turpin and Siddle 1979) or if the subject's tonic arousal level is increased (Bohlin 1976). This measure of habituation exhibits moderately high test-retest reliabilities in normal subjects, generally between .50 and 60 for mild stimuli and between .60 and .70 for strong stimuli for periods ranging from 1 week up to 5 months (Crider and Lunn 1971; Bull and Gale 1973; Crider and Augenbraum 1975; Siddle and Heron 1976). There is a small subgroup of subjects in the normal population, usually between 5 and 10 percent, which at any one time fails to give SCR-ORs to innocuous environmental stimuli. Simons et al. (1983) tested 250 college undergraduates and selected 24 SCR-OR nonresponders and 24 SCR-OR responders for further study....
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..., threat of electric shock) also generally slow the rate at which the within-session SCL decreases (Bohlin 1976)....
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...…usefulness as an index of sympathetic arousal includes the observations that SCL is significantly increased by pharmacological manipulations (e.g., administration of dextroamphetamine ; Zahn, Rapoport, and Thompson 1981) and behavioral manipulations (e.g., threat of electric shock; Bohlin 1976)....
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Electrodermal Activity and Hemispherical Asymetry: The Laterality of Electrodermal Responses J.C. Roy.
Abstract: Methodological Issues: Electrodermal Mechanisms R. Edelberg. Methological Issues in Electrodermal Measurements W. Boucsein. Neural Control of EDA: Neural Control of Electrodermal Activity J.C. Roy, et al. Cortical and HypthalamoLimbic Control of Electrodermal Responses H. Sequeira, J.C. Roy. General Psychophysiology: Electrodermal Habituation Patterns R. Baltissen. Electrodermal Response Lability-Stability A. Cridder. Psychopathology: Electrodermal Indices as Markers for the Development of Schizophrenia P.H. Venables. Electrodermal Activity and Antisocial Behavior D.C. Fowles. Electrodermal Activity and Hemispherical Asymetry: The Laterality of Electrodermal Responses J. Gruzelier. Brain Asymmetry and Autonomic Conditioning K. Hugdahl, B.H. Johnsen. 13 additional articles. Index.
159 citations
References
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TL;DR: An alternative explanation consistent with the above postulate states that the underlying mechanism of systematic desensitization is identical with that of habituation proceeding under optimal conditions (the “maximal habituation” hypothesis).
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TL;DR: There was little, if any, habituation of the OR during sleep, and the presence of a stimulus-evoked K complex was associated with increased responsiveness in all autonomic variables, but presence of eye movement bursts wasassociated with decreased cardiovascular response to the tone.
127 citations
TL;DR: The previously presented inventory of self-reported arousal, which contained four factor analytically derived scales, was further developed in the following way: the original factor pattern was cross-validated and a new response scale was constructed which proved to be superior to the old one.
Abstract: .— The previously presented (Bohlin & Kjellberg, 1973) inventory of self-reported arousal, which contained four factor analytically derived scales, was further developed in the following way. First, the original factor pattern was cross-validated. Second, a new response scale was constructed which proved to be superior to the old one. Third, the inventory was extended with new items and factor analysis applied to this new inventory. From the model of phenomenological arousal advanced by Bohlin & Kjellberg (1973) six factors were hypothesized and it was shown that a similar solution could be obtained with the extended inventory. Finally, this six-factor pattern was cross-validated and six scales, labelled Sleep-Wakeful-ness, Energy, Stress, Irritation, Euphoria, and Concentration, were constructed.
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