Demand response and smart grids—A survey
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of demand response potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented, with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, etc.
Abstract: The smart grid is conceived of as an electric grid that can deliver electricity in a controlled, smart way from points of generation to active consumers. Demand response (DR), by promoting the interaction and responsiveness of the customers, may offer a broad range of potential benefits on system operation and expansion and on market efficiency. Moreover, by improving the reliability of the power system and, in the long term, lowering peak demand, DR reduces overall plant and capital cost investments and postpones the need for network upgrades. In this paper a survey of DR potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented. Innovative enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, decisive to facilitate the coordination of efficiency and DR in a smart grid, are described and discussed with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time ofFlight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS) based on technologies that have been proposed in the literature.
Abstract: Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.
1,447 citations
TL;DR: A holistic framework which incorporates different components from IoT architectures/frameworks proposed in the literature, in order to efficiently integrate smart home objects in a cloud-centric IoT based solution is proposed.
1,003 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program, and presents various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far.
Abstract: The smart grid concept continues to evolve and various methods have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of the electricity infrastructure. Demand Response (DR) is considered as the most cost-effective and reliable solution for the smoothing of the demand curve, when the system is under stress. DR refers to a procedure that is applied to motivate changes in the customers' power consumption habits, in response to incentives regarding the electricity prices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program. We classify the proposed DR schemes according to their control mechanism, to the motivations offered to reduce the power consumption and to the DR decision variable. We also present various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far. These models are also categorized, based on the target of the optimization procedure. The key aspects that should be considered in the optimization problem are the system's constraints and the computational complexity of the applied optimization algorithm.
854 citations
Cites background from "Demand response and smart grids—A s..."
...Recently, a survey on DR programs is presented in [29], where authors present the enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, and communication systems that are required for the application of DR in smart grids....
[...]
...Other surveys on DR can be found in the literature [26]–[29]....
[...]
TL;DR: This survey comprehensively explores the means/tariffs that the power utility takes to incentivize users to reschedule their energy usage patterns and outlines the potential challenges and future research directions in the context of demand response.
Abstract: The smart grid is widely considered to be the informationization of the power grid. As an essential characteristic of the smart grid, demand response can reschedule the users’ energy consumption to reduce the operating expense from expensive generators, and further to defer the capacity addition in the long run. This survey comprehensively explores four major aspects: 1) programs; 2) issues; 3) approaches; and 4) future extensions of demand response. Specifically, we first introduce the means/tariffs that the power utility takes to incentivize users to reschedule their energy usage patterns. Then we survey the existing mathematical models and problems in the previous and current literatures, followed by the state-of-the-art approaches and solutions to address these issues. Finally, based on the above overview, we also outline the potential challenges and future research directions in the context of demand response.
761 citations
Cites background from "Demand response and smart grids—A s..."
...It can be defined as the rescheduling of the users’ energy usage patterns in response to the variance of the power utility’s incentive or electricity price, which is designed to reduce the demand at peak time periods or during system contingencies [8]–[10]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the latest development in electric vehicle technologies, impacts of electric vehicle roll out and opportunities brought by electric vehicle deployment, including vehicle-to-grid technology and as the solution for the renewable energy intermittency issue.
Abstract: Electrifying transportation is a promising approach to alleviate the climate change issue. The adoption of electric vehicle into market has introduced significant impacts on various fields, especially the power grid. Various policies have been implemented to foster the electric vehicle deployment and the increasing trend of electric vehicle adoption in the recent years has been satisfying. The continual development of electric vehicle power train, battery and charger technologies have further improved the electric vehicle technologies for wider uptake. Despite the environmental and economical benefits, electric vehicles charging introduce negative impacts on the existing network operation. Appropriate charging management strategies can be implemented to cater for this issue. Furthermore, electric vehicle integration in the smart grid can bring many potential opportunities, especially from the perspective of vehicle-to-grid technology and as the solution for the renewable energy intermittency issue. This paper reviews the latest development in electric vehicle technologies, impacts of electric vehicle roll out and opportunities brought by electric vehicle deployment.
683 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The security, agility, and robustness/survivability of a large-scale power delivery infrastructure that faces new threats and unanticipated conditions is presented.
Abstract: In this article, we present the security, agility, and robustness/survivability of a large-scale power delivery infrastructure that faces new threats and unanticipated conditions. By way of background, we present a brief overview of the past work on the challenges faced in online parameter estimation and real-time adaptive control of a damaged F-15 aircraft. This work, in part, provided the inspiration and laid the foundation in the 1990s for the flight testing of a fast parameter estimation/modeling and reconfigurable aircraft control system that allowed the F-15 to become self-healing in the face of damaged equipment.
1,625 citations
Book•
14 May 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed analysis of the real-time power market in theory and in practice, including the day-ahead market and the congestion pricing methods, as well as the two-settlement system.
Abstract: List of Results and Fallacies. Preface. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Symbols. Part 1: Power Market Fundamentals. Prologue. Why Deregulate? What to Deregulate. Pricing Power, Energy, and Capacity. Power Supply and Demand. What Is Competition? Marginal Cost in a Power Market. Market Structure. Market Architecture. Designing and Testing Market Rules. Part 2: Reliability, Price Spikes and Investment. Reliability and Investment Policy. Price Spikes Recover Fixed Costs. Reliability and Generation. Limiting the Price Spikes. Value-of-Lost-Load Pricing. Operating-Reserve Pricing. Market Dynamics and the Profit Function. Requirements for Installed Capacity. Inter-System Competition for Reliability. Unsolved Problems. Part 3: Market Architecture. Introduction. The Two-Settlement System. Day-Ahead Market Designs. Ancillary Services. The Day-Ahead Market in Theory. The Real-Time Market in Theory. The Day-Ahead Market in Practice. The Real-Time Market in Practice. The New Unit-Commitment Problem. The Market for Operating Reserves. Part 4: Market Power. Defining Market Power. Exercising Market Power. Modeling Market Power. Designing to Reduce Market Power. Predicting Market Power. Monitoring Market Power. Part 5: Locational Pricing. Power Transmission and Losses. Physical Transmission Limits. Congestion Pricing Fundamentals. Congestion Pricing Methods. Congestion Pricing Fallacies. Refunds and Taxes. Pricing Losses on Lines. Pricing Losses at Nodes. Transmission Rights. Glossary. References. Index.
1,447 citations
16 May 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of what PLC can deliver today by surveying its history and describing the most recent technological advances in the area and discuss the main conclusions one can draw from the literature on these subjects.
Abstract: Are Power Line Communications (PLC) a good candidate for Smart Grid applications? The objective of this paper is to address this important question. To do so, we provide an overview of what PLC can deliver today by surveying its history and describing the most recent technological advances in the area. We then address Smart Grid applications as instances of sensor networking and network control problems and discuss the main conclusions one can draw from the literature on these subjects. The application scenario of PLC within the Smart Grid is then analyzed in detail. Because a necessary ingredient of network planning is modeling, we also discuss two aspects of engineering modeling that relate to our question. The first aspect is modeling the PLC channel through fading models. The second aspect we review is the Smart Grid control and traffic modeling problem which allows us to achieve a better understanding of the communications requirements. Finally, this paper reports recent studies on the electrical and topological properties of a sample power distribution network. Power grid topological studies are very important for PLC networking as the power grid is not only the information source but also the information delivery system-a unique feature when PLC is used for the Smart Grid.
1,084 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method for decomposing wholesale electricity payments into production costs, inframarginal competitive rents, and payments resulting from the exercise of market power, and find significant departures from competitive pricing, particularly during the high-demand summer months.
Abstract: We present a method for decomposing wholesale electricity payments into production costs, inframarginal competitive rents, and payments resulting from the exercise of market power. The method also parses actual variable costs into the minimum variable costs necessary to meet demand and increased production costs caused by market power and other market inefficiencies. Using data from June 1998 to October 2000 in California, we find significant departures from competitive pricing, particularly during the high-demand summer months. Electricity expenditures in the state's restructured wholesale market rose from $2.04 billion in summer 1999 to $8.98 billion in summer 2000. We find that 21% of this increase was due to increased production costs, 20% was due to increased competitive rents, and the remaining 59% was attributable to increased market power.
920 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that increasing the short-run price elasticity of the demand for electrical energy would improve the operation of electricity markets, however, that enhancing this elasticity is not an easy task.
Abstract: This tutorial paper discusses some aspects of electricity markets from the perspective of the demand-side. It argues that increasing the short-run price elasticity of the demand for electrical energy would improve the operation of these markets. It shows, however, that enhancing this elasticity is not an easy task. The tools that consumers and retailers of electrical energy need to participate more actively and effectively in electricity markets are discussed. The paper also describes how consumers of electricity can take part in the provision of power system security.
807 citations