Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development
01 Mar 2006-The International Journal of Qualitative Methods (SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA)-Vol. 5, Iss: 1, pp 80-92
TL;DR: This article used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice.
Abstract: In this article, the authors describe how they used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice. The methodological approach integrated data-driven codes with theory-driven ones based on the tenets of social phenomenology. The authors present a detailed exemplar of the staged process of data coding and identification of themes. This process demonstrates how analysis of the raw data from interview transcripts and organizational documents progressed toward the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback as described by participants in the study.
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TL;DR: The process of conducting a thematic analysis is illustrated through the presentation of an auditable decision trail, guiding interpreting and representing textual data and exploring issues of rigor and trustworthiness.
Abstract: As qualitative research becomes increasingly recognized and valued, it is imperative that it is conducted in a rigorous and methodical manner to yield meaningful and useful results. To be accepted ...
9,963 citations
TL;DR: The nature and forms of documents are described, the advantages and limitations of document analysis are outlined, and specific examples of the use of documents in the research process are offered.
Abstract: This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.
6,333 citations
Cites background from "Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic ..."
...Fereday and Muir-Cochrane (2006) explain how their analysis of the raw data from organisational documents (and interview transcripts) progressed towards the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice in Australia....
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...Fereday and Muir-Cochrane (2006) explain how their analysis of the raw data from organisational documents (and interview transcripts) progressed towards the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice in…...
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TL;DR: This article gives specific steps on how to create a codebook for coding interview data and how to train others to code using the codebook, including how to establish reliability.
Abstract: This article gives specific steps on how to create a codebook for coding interview data. The authors examine the development of theory- and data-driven codes through the discussion of a professiona...
1,066 citations
Journal Article•
1,019 citations
TL;DR: Whereas bots that spread malware and unsolicited content disseminated antivaccine messages, Russian trolls promoted discord, showing that directly confronting vaccine skeptics enables bots to legitimize the vaccine debate.
Abstract: Objectives. To understand how Twitter bots and trolls (“bots”) promote online health content.Methods. We compared bots’ to average users’ rates of vaccine-relevant messages, which we collected online from July 2014 through September 2017. We estimated the likelihood that users were bots, comparing proportions of polarized and antivaccine tweets across user types. We conducted a content analysis of a Twitter hashtag associated with Russian troll activity.Results. Compared with average users, Russian trolls (χ2(1) = 102.0; P < .001), sophisticated bots (χ2(1) = 28.6; P < .001), and “content polluters” (χ2(1) = 7.0; P < .001) tweeted about vaccination at higher rates. Whereas content polluters posted more antivaccine content (χ2(1) = 11.18; P < .001), Russian trolls amplified both sides. Unidentifiable accounts were more polarized (χ2(1) = 12.1; P < .001) and antivaccine (χ2(1) = 35.9; P < .001). Analysis of the Russian troll hashtag showed that its messages were more political and divisive.Conclusions. Wher...
774 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, conceptual issues and themes on qualitative research and evaluaton methods including: qualitative data, triangulated inquiry, qualitative inquiry, constructivism, constructionism, complexity (chaos) theory, qualitative designs and data collection, fieldwork strategies, interviewing, tape-recording, ethical issues, analysis, interpretation and reporting, observations vs. perceived impacts and utilisation-focused evaluation reporting.
Abstract: This book explains clearly conceptual issues and themes on qualitative research and evaluaton methods including: qualitative data, triangulated inquiry, qualitative inquiry, constructivism, constructionism, Complexity (chaos) theory, qualitative designs and data collection, fieldwork strategies, interviewing, tape-recording, ethical issues, analysis, interpretation and reporting, observations vs. perceived impacts and utilisation-focused evaluation reporting.
13,768 citations
Book•
16 Apr 1998TL;DR: The Search for the Codable Moment A way of Seeing Developing Themes and Codes Deciding on Units of Analysis and Units of Coding as Issues of Sampling
Abstract: The Search for the Codable Moment A Way of Seeing Developing Themes and Codes Deciding on Units of Analysis and Units of Coding as Issues of Sampling Developing Themes and a Code Using the Inductive Method An Example Using Life Stories Developing Themes Using the Theory-Driven and Prior-Research-Driven Method and Then Applying the Code An Example Using a Critical Incident Interview Scoring, Scaling and Clustering Themes Reliability Is Consistency of Judgment Don't Go Breaking My Heart Challenges in Using Thematic Analysis
12,391 citations
"Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...For this study, codes were written with reference to Boyatzis (1998) and identified by 1. the code label or name, 2. the definition of what the theme concerns, and 3. a description of how to know when the theme occurs....
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...In the study reported here, the method of analysis used the data-driven inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998) and the deductive a priori template of codes approach outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999) to reach the second level of interpretive understanding....
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...For this study, codes were written with reference to Boyatzis (1998) and identified by...
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...In addition to the inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998), in our analysis of the text in this study, we also used a template approach, as outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999)....
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...In addition to the inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998), in our analysis of the text in this study, we also used a template approach, as outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999). This involved a template in the form of codes from a codebook to be applied as a means of organizing text for subsequent interpretation....
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TL;DR: Patton as discussed by the authors suggested that if one had to choose between implementation information and outcomes information because of limited evaluation resoures, there are many instances in which implementation information would be of greater value.
Abstract: ‘In Utilization-Focused Evaluation (Patton, 1978) I suggested that if one had to choose between implementation information and outcomes information because of limited evaluation resoures, there are many instances in which implementation information would be of greater value. A decision maker can use implementation information to make sure that a policy is being put into operation according to design – or to test the feasibility of the policy. Unless one knows that a program is operating according to design, there may be little reason to expect it to produce the desired outcomes. Furthermore, until the program is implemented and a ‘treatment’ is believed to be in operation, there may be little reason even to bother evaluating outcomes. Where outcomes are evaluated without knowledge of implementation, the resuts seldom provide a direction for action because the decision maker lacks information about what produced the observed outcomes (or lack of outcomes). ... It is important to study and evaluate program implementation in order to understand how and why programs deviate from initial plans and expectations. Such deviations are quite common and natural ...’ (Patton, 1980, p 69; 1990, p. 105; Patton, 2002, p. 161)
12,369 citations
"Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic ..." refers background in this paper
...At the time when Schutz commenced writing his theories (1930s), he was mindful of the “natural” versus “social” science debate in relation to “valid” methods of research....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Schutz as mentioned in this paper provided a sound philosophical basis for the sociological theories of Max Weber using a Husserlian phenomenology, and provided a complete and original analysis of human action and its "intended meaning."
Abstract: In this book, his major work, Alfred Schutz attempts to provide a sound philosophical basis for the sociological theories of Max Weber. Using a Husserlian phenomenology, Schutz provides a complete and original analysis of human action and its "intended meaning."
4,497 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The use of focus groups in clinical research has been explored in the context of qualitative research in primary care as mentioned in this paper, with a focus on the dance of interpretation of interpretations and the use of qualitative data.
Abstract: Introduction - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Clinical Research - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap PART TWO: DISCOVERY: DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry - Anton J Kuzel Participant Observation - Stephen P Bogdewic Key Informant Interviews - Valerie J Gilchrist and Robert L Williams Depth Interviewing - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree The Use of Focus Groups in Clinical Research - Judith Belle Brown PART THREE: INTERPRETATION: STRATEGIES OF ANALYSIS The Dance of Interpretation - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Grounded Hermeneutic Editing Approach - Richard B Addison Using Codes and Code Manuals - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Template Organizing Style of Interpretation Immersion/Crystallization - Jeffrey Borkan Data Management and Interpretation Using Computers To Assist - Lynn M Meadows and Diane M Dodendorf PART FOUR: SPECIAL DESIGNS Narrative Approaches to Qualitative Research in Primary Care - Jessica H Muller Using Video Tapes in Qualitative Research - Virginia Elderkin-Thompson and Howard Waitzkin An Armchair Adventure in Case Study Research - Virginia A Aita and Helen E McIlvain Participatory Inquiry - Janecke Thesen and Anton J Kuzel PART FIVE: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Researching Practice Settings - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Case Study Approach Making Changes with Key Questions in Medical Practices - Kirsti Malterud Studying What Makes a Difference PART SIX: SUMMARY Standards of Qualitative Research - Richard M Frankel Qualitative Research - Lucy M Candib, Kurt C Stange and Wendy Levinson Perspectives on the Future
2,367 citations