Demonstration of pseudo-ductility in high performance glass-epoxy composites by hybridisation with thin-ply carbon prepreg

doi:10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2013.04.006

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Demonstration of pseudo-ductility in high performance glass-epoxy composites by hybridisation with thin-ply carbon prepreg

Journal Article•DOI•

Demonstration of pseudo-ductility in high performance glass-epoxy composites by hybridisation with thin-ply carbon prepreg

Gergely Czel¹, Michael R Wisnom•Institutions (1)

University of Bristol¹

01 Sep 2013-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing (Elsevier Science)-Vol. 52, pp 23-30

TL;DR: In this paper, the critical carbon layer thickness for stable pull-out in a three layer unidirectional hybrid laminate was determined and a new approach and material architecture was presented in order to overcome the inherent brittleness and unstable failure characteristic of conventional high performance composites.

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Abstract: A new approach and material architecture is presented in order to overcome the inherent brittleness and unstable failure characteristic of conventional high performance composites. The concept is the use of thin-ply hybrid laminates. Fracture mechanics calculations were carried out to determine the critical carbon layer thickness for stable pull-out in a three layer unidirectional hybrid laminate, which can provide a pseudo-ductile failure. Unidirectional hybrid composites were fabricated by sandwiching various numbers of thin carbon prepreg plies between standard thickness glass prepreg plies and tested in tension. Specimens with one and two plies of thin carbon prepreg produced pseudo-ductile failure, whereas ones with three and four plies failed with unstable delamination. An explanation of the different failure modes is given in terms of the different energy release rates for delamination in various specimens. The observed damage characteristics agreed well with the expectations according to the estimated critical carbon layer thickness.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Fibre hybridisation in polymer composites: a review

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Yentl Swolfs¹, Larissa Gorbatikh¹, Ignaas Verpoest¹•Institutions (1)

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven¹

01 Dec 2014-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this paper, a review aims to explain basic mechanisms of these hybrid effects and describes the state-of-the-art models to predict them, and an overview of the tensile, flexural, impact and fatigue properties of hybrid composites is presented to aid in optimal design of hybrid composite materials.

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Abstract: Fibre-reinforced composites are rapidly gaining market share in structural applications, but further growth is limited by their lack of toughness. Fibre hybridisation is a promising strategy to toughen composite materials. By combining two or more fibre types, these hybrid composites offer a better balance in mechanical properties than non-hybrid composites. Predicting their mechanical properties is challenging due to the synergistic effects between both fibres. This review aims to explain basic mechanisms of these hybrid effects and describes the state-of-the-art models to predict them. An overview of the tensile, flexural, impact and fatigue properties of hybrid composites is presented to aid in optimal design of hybrid composites. Finally, some current trends in fibre hybridisation, such as pseudo-ductility, are described.

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598 citations

Cites background or methods from "Demonstration of pseudo-ductility i..."

...Thin plies have only rarely been used in hybrid composites, even though they are potentially interesting materials [13, 116]....
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...The latter argument may not be a valid one, as other authors, such as Nedele and Wisnom [36] and Zhou and Wagner [54] later demonstrated that Hedgepeth’s approach [34, 44] overestimates the stress concentrations....
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...In some cases, the tensile diagram even has a plateau near the end [13, 75]....
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...It has been pointed out that stress concentrations at the grips may be less detrimental in hybrid composites than in nonhybrid composites [13]....
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...The importance of the interlaminar fracture toughness was shown in the analytical equation developed by Czél and Wisnom [13]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Damage analysis of pseudo-ductile thin-ply UD hybrid composites - A new analytical method

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Meisam Jalalvand¹, Gergely Czel, Michael R Wisnom¹•Institutions (1)

University of Bristol¹

01 Feb 2015-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this paper, a simple analytical approach for predicting all possible damage modes of Uni-Directional (UD) hybrid composites and their stress-strain response in tensile loading is proposed.

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Abstract: A new simple analytical approach for predicting all possible damage modes of Uni-Directional (UD) hybrid composites and their stress–strain response in tensile loading is proposed. To do so, the required stress level for the damage modes (fragmentation, delamination and final failure) are assessed separately. The damage process of the UD hybrid can then be predicted based on the order of the required stress for each damage mode. Using the developed analytical method, a new series of standard-thickness glass/ thin-ply carbon hybrid composites was tested and a very good pseudo-ductile tensile response with 1.0% pseudo-ductile strain and no load drop until final failure was achieved. The yield stress value for the best tested layup was more than 1130 MPa. The proposed analytical method is simple, very fast to run and it gives accurate results that can be used for designing thin-ply UD hybrid laminates with the desired tensile response and for conducting further parametric studies. 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://

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145 citations

Cites background or methods or result from "Demonstration of pseudo-ductility i..."

...The first set of materials, E-glass epoxy/TR30 high strength carbon epoxy hybrid, has been experimentally studied [13] with the layups of [EG/Cm/EG] (m = 1,2) and [EG2/Cn/EG2] (n = 1–4) where EG and C stand for the UD 0....
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...This method was successful in predicting the damage process of different previously studied [13] and new hybrid composite specimens....
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...However, the E-glass layers were not strong enough and the final failure was not significantly higher than the damage initiation point....
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...As discussed in [13,14], four different scenarios can occur after the first crack initiation in the low strain material:...
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...The material properties of E-glass, S-glass and TR30 carbon epoxy composites are given in Table 3....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Recent advances in fibre-hybrid composites: materials selection, opportunities and applications

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Yentl Swolfs¹, Ignaas Verpoest¹, Larissa Gorbatikh¹•Institutions (1)

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven¹

19 May 2019-International Materials Reviews

TL;DR: Fibre-hybrid composites are composed of two or more fibre types in a matrix as discussed by the authors. But they also pose more challenges in terms of materials selection than conventional, single fibre type composites.

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Abstract: Fibre-hybrid composites are composed of two or more fibre types in a matrix. Such composites offer more design freedom than non-hybrid composites. The aim is often to alleviate the drawbacks of one of the fibre types while keeping the benefits of the other. The hybridisation can also lead to synergetic effects or to properties that neither of the constituents possess. Even though fibre-hybrid composites are attractive, they also pose more challenges in terms of materials selection than conventional, single fibre type composites. This review analyses the mechanisms for synergetic effects provides guidance on the fibre and matrix selection and describes recent opportunities and trends. It finishes by describing the current applications, and by contrasting how the industrial use is different from the academic research.

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133 citations

Cites background or methods from "Demonstration of pseudo-ductility i..."

...While this is certainly the most common composite type where fragmentation has been observed [8,161,219,220], ply fragmentation can also occur in other composite types....
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...Czél and Wisnom [161], for example, combined Skyflex USN 020 A carbon fibre/epoxy prepregs with HexPly 913 glass fibre/epoxy prepregs....
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...that higher elongation through using different fibre types [8,161,220], but also through being oriented at a different angle [280]....
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...plies [8,161,220], fibre reorientation [280,282,288,289], interfacial slip [278], fibre fragmentation [6,208] or combinations thereof....
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...Similar damage sensing functionalities can be imparted through selection of the fibre types: Wisnom et al. [166] exploited the visual appearance of damage in carbon/glass fibre-hybrid composites to create an overload sensor....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Design and characterisation of advanced pseudo-ductile unidirectional thin-ply carbon/epoxy-glass/epoxy hybrid composites

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Gergely Czel, Meisam Jalalvand¹, Michael R Wisnom¹•Institutions (1)

University of Bristol¹

20 May 2016-Composite Structures

TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive set of thin-ply pseudo-ductile unidirectional interlayer hybrid composite materials comprising S-glass and a variety of thin carbon prepregs was designed and characterised.

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132 citations

Cites background or methods from "Demonstration of pseudo-ductility i..."

...The following design criteria were identified and published earlier [31] to assure stable pseudo-ductile failure for UD glass/carbon interlayer hybrids....
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...Thin-ply UD interlayer hybrid composites have recently demonstrated the potential for pseudo-ductility [31] through fragmentation and stable pull-out of a low strain (carbon) layer in the centre of the laminate from the outer high strain (glass) layers....
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...The aim of this research is to develop a set of immediately applicable pseudo-ductile composite materials exploiting the demonstrated thin-ply hybrid concept [31], the recently developed analytical modelling and design tools [43,44] and a comprehensive new set of constituent materials with a wide range of properties....
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...The potential for achieving pseudo-ductility was demonstrated earlier by the authors [31,32] using standard thickness E-glass and emerging thin-ply carbon prepregs suitable for suppressing unstable delamination in UD interlayer hybrid composites during and after the fragmentation of the low strain material of the hybrid....
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...fragmentation) by suppressing unstable delamination after the first carbon layer fracture in a glass–carbon hybrid laminate due to low energy released [31]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A novel manufacturing method for aligned discontinuous fibre composites (High Performance-Discontinuous Fibre method)

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HaNa Yu¹, Kevin D Potter¹, Michael R Wisnom•Institutions (1)

University of Bristol¹

01 Jan 2014-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: The High Performance Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) method as mentioned in this paper is a new high speed process to produce discontinuous fiber architectures with high volume fraction, which allows the manufacture of highly aligned reinforcements directly from short fibres rather than from pre-existing tows.

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Abstract: The High Performance-Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) method is a new high speed process to produce discontinuous fibre architectures with high volume fraction. It allows the manufacture of tow or tape type prepregs with highly aligned reinforcements directly from short fibres rather than from pre-existing tows. This paper introduces the principle of this unique short fibre alignment method and describes the improved orientation head design for obtaining tape type preforms with high productivity. Using this HiPerDiF method, tensile specimens with 67% of the fibres aligned within the range of ±3° were successfully produced from tape type preforms with 3 mm long carbon fibres. Tensile modulus and strength in the fibre direction of specimens with a fibre volume fraction of 55% were 115 GPa and 1509 MPa, respectively, significantly higher than those of aligned short fibre composites made by conventional methods.

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130 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Review of low-velocity impact properties of composite materials

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M.O.W. Richardson¹, M. Wisheart¹•Institutions (1)

Loughborough University¹

01 Jan 1996-Composites Part A-applied Science and Manufacturing

TL;DR: In this article, a review of low-velocity impact responses of composite materials is presented, where major impact-induced damage modes are described from onset of damage through to final failure and the effects of composite's constituents on impact properties are discussed and post-impact performance is assessed in terms of residual strength.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This paper is a review of low-velocity impact responses of composite materials. First the term ‘low-velocity impact’ is defined and major impact-induced damage modes are described from onset of damage through to final failure. Then, the effects of the composite's constituents on impact properties are discussed and post-impact performance is assessed in terms of residual strength.

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1,058 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Experimental studies of thin-ply laminated composites

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Sangwook Sihn¹, Ran Y. Kim¹, Kazumasa Kawabe, Stephen W. Tsai•Institutions (1)

University of Dayton Research Institute¹

01 May 2007-Composites Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, a new processing method was developed for spreading fiber tows to make thin-ply laminated composites, which is robust and easy compared with other available thinply methods.

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358 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review of the tensile, compressive, flexural and shear properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced plastics.

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G. Kretsis¹•Institutions (1)

Imperial College London¹

01 Jan 1987-Composites

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of hybrid composites with a special emphasis on the basic mechanical properties of continuous-fibre composites and the models used to predict them.

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350 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Hybrid carbon and glass fibre composites

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A.R. Bunsell¹, B. Harris¹•Institutions (1)

University of Sussex¹

01 Jul 1974-Composites

TL;DR: In this article, two types of hybrid composite materials, consisting of alternatively laminated layers of type 1 carbon fibres and glass fibres in an epoxy resin, have been made, with the alternate layers either unbonded or bonded together.

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272 citations

"Demonstration of pseudo-ductility i..." refers background in this paper

...Bunsell and Harris [12] also reported higher strain to carbon failure in their UD glass/carbon hybrids, than that of all carbon specimens....
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...5% and given that energy is proportional to strain squared, would not be expected to fail in the gradual manner observed in [12]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The strength of hybrid glass/carbon fibre composites

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P. W. Manders¹, Michael G. Bader¹•Institutions (1)

University of Surrey¹

01 Aug 1981-Journal of Materials Science

TL;DR: In this article, a model based on the Weibull strength distribution of the carbon fibre reinforced composite phase was used to relate the two-parameter WeibULL strength distribution to that of single carbon fibres, and experimental observations of the failure process support this hypothesis.

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Abstract: When carbon fibre is combined with less-stiff higher-elongation glass fibre in a hybrid composite an enhancement of the failure strain of the carbon fibre reinforced phase is observed. This “hybrid effect” is only partially accounted for by internal compressive strains induced by differential thermal contraction during fabrication. The predominant factor is shown to be a relationship between the strength and effective bundle size of the carbon fibre ligaments which is a consequence of the statistical distribution of strengthreducing flaws in the carbon fibres. A lamina or ligament (bundle) of carbon fibres fails when there is a local critical accumulation of fibre fractures. A model based on this concept is used to relate the two-parameter Weibull strength distribution of the carbon fibre reinforced composite phase to that of single carbon fibres. The model suggests that the critical number of fibre fractures is of the order of 3, and experimental observations of the failure process support this hypothesis.

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258 citations