Dendrimers derived from 1 → 3 branching motifs.
TL;DR: This poster presents a comparison of Si-Branched, S/Se/Te Connectivity and Ether-Connectivity Dendrons from the 1970s to the present, where the latter has become known as “Smartphone Branched”.
Abstract: 3. 1 f 3 N-Branched 6390 3.1. 1 f 3 N-Branched, Alkyl Connectivity 6390 4. 1 f 3 P-Branched 6392 4.1. 1 f 3 P-Branched, Alkyl Connectivity 6392 5. 1 f 3 Si-Branched 6394 5.1. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, C2 Connectivity 6394 5.2. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, Vinyl Connectivity 6398 5.3. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, C3 Connectivity 6399 5.4. 1f 3 Si-Branched, (CH2)2S(CH2)3 Connectivity 6405 5.5. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, 1,4-(C6H4) Connectivity 6405 5.6. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, Si Connectivity 6405 5.7. 1 f 3 Si-Branched, S/Se/Te Connectivity 6406 5.8. 1 f 3 Si(O)-Branched, Alkyl Connectivity 6406 5.9. 1 f 3 Si(O)-Branched, Si(O) Connectivity 6409 6. 1 f 3 B-Branched, S Connectivity 6410 7. 1 f 3 Ge-Branched 6410 8. 1 f 3 Sn-Branched 6411 9. 1 f 3 Aryl-Branched 6412 9.1. 1 f 3 (3,4,5-)Aryl-Branched, Ether-Connectivity Dendrons 6412
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TL;DR: In this article, general principles and recent developments in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reviewed and a review of seed-growth methods have allowed a precise control of AuNP sizes in a broad range and multiple shapes.
758 citations
TL;DR: This research provides a highly efficient approach to the preparation of discrete multiple pillar[n]arene derivatives but also presents a new family of multiple stimuli-responsive "smart" soft matters.
Abstract: A new family of discrete hexakis-pillar[5]arene metallacycles with different sizes have been successfully prepared via coordination-driven self-assembly, which presented very few successful examples of preparation of discrete multiple pillar[n]arene derivatives. These newly designed hexakis-pillar[5]arene metallacycles were well characterized with one-dimensional (1-D) multinuclear NMR (1H and 31 P NMR), two-dimensional (2-D) 1H–1H COSY and NOESY, ESI-TOF-MS, elemental analysis, and PM6 semiempirical molecular orbital methods. Furthermore, the host–guest complexation of such hexakis-pillar[5]arene hosts with a series of different neutral ditopic guests G1–6 were well investigated. Through host–guest interactions of hexakis-pillar[5]arene metallacycles H2 or H3 with the neutral dinitrile guest G5, the cross-linked supramolecular polymers H2⊃(G5)3 or H3⊃(G5)3 were successfully constructed at the high-concentration region, respectively. Interestingly, these cross-linked supramolecular polymers transformed in...
476 citations
TL;DR: This critical review focuses on the design of biocompatible dendrimer-based nanoplatforms for targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy and theBiocompatibility aspects of d endrimers such as nanotoxicity, long-term circulation, and degradation are discussed.
Abstract: In the past decade, nanomedicine with its promise of improved therapy and diagnostics has revolutionized conventional health care and medical technology. Dendrimers and dendrimer-based therapeutics are outstanding candidates in this exciting field as more and more biological systems have benefited from these starburst molecules. Anticancer agents can be either encapsulated in or conjugated to dendrimer and be delivered to the tumour via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of the nanoparticle and/or with the help of a targeting moiety such as antibody, peptides, vitamins, and hormones. Imaging agents including MRI contrast agents, radionuclide probes, computed tomography contrast agents, and fluorescent dyes are combined with the multifunctional nanomedicine for targeted therapy with simultaneous cancer diagnosis. However, an important question reported with dendrimer-based therapeutics as well as other nanomedicines to date is the long-term viability and biocompatibility of the nanotherapeutics. This critical review focuses on the design of biocompatible dendrimers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The biocompatibility aspects of dendrimers such as nanotoxicity, long-term circulation, and degradation are discussed. The construction of novel dendrimers with biocompatible components, and the surface modification of commercially available dendrimers by PEGylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and amino acid functionalization have been proposed as available strategies to solve the safety problem of dendrimer-based nanotherapeutics. Also, exciting opportunities and challenges on the development of dendrimer-based nanoplatforms for targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy are reviewed (404 references).
459 citations
TL;DR: This review highlights catalysis by NPs of Earth-abundant transition metals that include Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, early transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb and W) and their nanocomposites with emphasis on basic principles and literature reported during the last 5 years.
Abstract: Whereas noble metal compounds have long been central in catalysis, Earth-abundant metal-based catalysts have in the same time remained undeveloped. Yet the efficacy of Earth-abundant metal catalysts was already shown at the very beginning of the 20th century with the Fe-catalyzed Haber–Bosch process of ammonia synthesis and later in the Fischer–Tropsch reaction. Nanoscience has revolutionized the world of catalysis since it was observed that very small Au nanoparticles (NPs) and other noble metal NPs are extraordinarily efficient. Therefore the development of Earth-abundant metals NPs is more recent, but it has appeared necessary due to their “greenness”. This review highlights catalysis by NPs of Earth-abundant transition metals that include Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, early transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb and W) and their nanocomposites with emphasis on basic principles and literature reported during the last 5 years. A very large spectrum of catalytic reactions has been successfully disclosed, and catalysis has been examined for each metal starting with zero-valent metal NPs followed by oxides and other nanocomposites. The last section highlights the catalytic activities of bi- and trimetallic NPs. Indeed this later family is very promising and simultaneously benefits from increased stability, efficiency and selectivity, compared to monometallic NPs, due to synergistic substrate activation.
432 citations
TL;DR: The results allowed us to assess the importance of knowing the carrier and removal status of canine coronavirus, as a source of infection for other animals, not necessarily belonging to the same breeds.
Abstract: 1. Dendrimers and Gene Delivery 5274 2. Surface-Engineered Dendrimers in Gene Delivery 5276 2.1. Lipid-Modified Dendrimers 5276 2.2. Fluorinated Dendrimers 5278 2.3. Amino Acid-Modified Dendrimers 5280 2.4. Saccharide-Modified Dendrimers 5281 2.5. Proteinand Peptide-Modified Dendrimers 5283 2.6. Polymer-Modified Dendrimers 5285 2.7. Nanoparticle-Modified Dendrimers 5285 2.8. Cationic-Moiety-Modified Dendrimers 5287 2.9. Other Ligand-Modified Dendrimers 5289 2.9.1. Hormone-Modified Dendrimers 5289 2.9.2. Folic Acid-Modified Dendrimers 5289 2.9.3. Photosensitizer-Modified Dendrimers 5289 2.9.4. Fluorophore-Modified Dendrimers 5289 2.9.5. Aminoglycoside-Modified Dendrimers 5289 3. Conclusions and Perspectives 5289 Author Information 5289 Corresponding Author 5289 Author Contributions 5289 Notes 5289 Biographies 5290 Acknowledgments 5290 Abbreviations Used 5290 References 5291
344 citations
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TL;DR: A review of gold nanoparticles can be found in this article, where the most stable metal nanoparticles, called gold colloids (AuNPs), have been used for catalysis and biology applications.
Abstract: Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346
11,752 citations
TL;DR: Using two-phase reduction of AuCl4 by sodium borohydride in the presence of an alkanethiol, solutions of 1-3 nm gold particles bearing a surface coating of thiol have been prepared and characterised; this novel material can be handled as a simple chemical compound as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Using two-phase (water–toluene) reduction of AuCl4– by sodium borohydride in the presence of an alkanethiol, solutions of 1–3 nm gold particles bearing a surface coating of thiol have been prepared and characterised; this novel material can be handled as a simple chemical compound.
6,251 citations
4,417 citations
TL;DR: The advent of water-soluble organometallic complexes, especially those based on sulfonated phosphorus-containing ligands, has enabled various biphasic catalytic reactions to be conducted on an industrial scale and might combine the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Abstract: For economical and ecological reasons, synthetic chemists are confronted with the increasing obligation of optimizing their synthetic methods. Maximizing efficiency and minimizing costs in the production of molecules and macromolecules constitutes, therefore, one of the most exciting challenges of synthetic chemistry.1-3 The ideal synthesis should produce the desired product in 100% yield and selectivity, in a safe and environmentally acceptable process.4 It is now well recognized that organometallic homogeneous catalysis offers one of the most promising approaches for solving this basic problem.2 Indeed, many of these homogeneous processes occur in high yields and selectivities and under mild reaction conditions. Most importantly, the steric and electronic properties of these catalysts can be tuned by varying the metal center and/or the ligands, thus rendering tailor-made molecular and macromolecular structures accessible.5,6 Despite the fact that various efficient methods, based on organometallic homogeneous catalysis, have been developed over the last 30 years on the laboratory scale, the industrial use of homogeneous catalytic processes is relatively limited.7 The separation of the products from the reaction mixture, the recovery of the catalysts, and the need for organic solvents are the major disadvantages in the homogeneous catalytic process. For these reasons, many homogeneous processes are not used on an industrial scale despite their benefits. Among the various approaches to address these problems, liquidliquid biphasic catalysis (“biphasic catalysis”) has emerged as one of the most important alternatives.6-11 The concept of this system implies that the molecular catalyst is soluble in only one phase whereas the substrates/products remain in the other phase. The reaction can take place in one (or both) of the phases or at the interface. In most cases, the catalyst phase can be reused and the products/substrates are simply removed from the reaction mixture by decantation. Moreover, in these biphasic systems it is possible to extract the primary products during the reaction and thus modulate the product selectivity.12 For a detailed discussion about this and other concepts of homogeneous catalyst immobilization, the reader is referred elsewhere.6,7 These biphasic systems might combine the advantages of both homogeneous (greater catalyst efficiency and mild reaction conditions) and heterogeneous (ease of catalyst recycling and separation of the products) catalysis. The advent of water-soluble organometallic complexes, especially those based on sulfonated phosphorus-containing ligands, has enabled various biphasic catalytic reactions to be conducted on an industrial scale.13-15 However, the use of water as a * Corresponding author. Fax: ++ 55 51 3316 73 04. E-mail: dupont@iq.ufrgs.br. 3667 Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3667−3692
3,483 citations
TL;DR: s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to make organic preparations.
Abstract: s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to
3,373 citations