Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenna With Improved Radiation Characteristics Using EBG Ground Structure and Dielectric Superstrate for Future 5G Cellular Networks
TL;DR: A new dense dielectric (DD) patch array antenna prototype operating at 28 GHz for future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks is presented and can be considered as a good candidate for 5G communication applications.
Abstract: In this paper, a new dense dielectric (DD) patch array antenna prototype operating at 28 GHz for future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks is presented. This array antenna is proposed and designed with a standard printed circuit board process to be suitable for integration with radio frequency/microwave circuitry. The proposed structure employs four circular-shaped DD patch radiator antenna elements fed by a 1-to-4 Wilkinson power divider. To improve the array radiation characteristics, a ground structure based on a compact uniplanar electromagnetic bandgap unit cell has been used. The DD patch shows better radiation and total efficiencies compared with the metallic patch radiator. For further gain improvement, a dielectric layer of a superstrate is applied above the array antenna. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed array antenna ranges from 27 to beyond 32 GHz for a reflection coefficient (S11) of less than -10 dB. The proposed design exhibits stable radiation patterns over the whole frequency band of interest, with a total realized gain more than 16 dBi. Due to the remarkable performance of the proposed array, it can be considered as a good candidate for 5G communication applications.
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TL;DR: In this article, a Ka-band inset-fed microstrip patches linear antenna array is presented for 5G applications in different countries, which employs 16 elements in an H-plane new configuration.
Abstract: A Ka-band inset-fed microstrip patches linear antenna array is presented for the fifth generation (5G) applications in different countries. The bandwidth is enhanced by stacking parasitic patches on top of each inset-fed patch. The array employs 16 elements in an H-plane new configuration. The radiating patches and their feed lines are arranged in an alternating out-of-phase 180° rotating sequence to decrease the mutual coupling and improve the radiation pattern symmetry. A (24.4%) measured bandwidth (24.35–31.13 GHz) is achieved with −15 dB reflection coefficients and 20 dB mutual coupling between the elements. With uniform amplitude distribution, a maximum broadside gain of 19.88 dBi is achieved. Scanning the main beam to 49.5° from the broadside achieved 18.7 dBi gain with −12.1 dB sidelobe level. These characteristics are in good agreement with the simulations, rendering the antenna to be a good candidate for 5G applications.
154 citations
Cites background from "Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..."
...A new dense dielectric patch array antenna using electromagnetic band gap (EBG) ground structure and dielectric superstrate was recently proposed in [8] with an improved radiation characteristic, a high gain about 16....
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...7 TABLE II COMPARISON WITH OTHER REPORTED MILLIMETRE WAVE ARRAY ANTENNA FOR 5G APPLICATIONS Works Impedance,Bandwidth Gain Radiation Efficiency SLL Scan Range 3-dB Beamwidth Design Complexity [3] 6 GHz 13 dBi 75% — — — Moderate [5] 2.6 GHz 11 dBi — -10 dB 70◦ 20◦ High [8] 5 GHz 16.3 dBi 71.8% -11.6 dB — 11◦ High This Work 5.37 GHz 19.88 dBi 86% -13.4 dB 108◦ 5◦ Low...
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...6 GHz 11 dBi — -10 dB 70◦ 20◦ High [8] 5 GHz 16....
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...Finally, in [8], the proposed array antenna with a complex structure has a wide bandwidth of about 5 GHz around 29....
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TL;DR: A photonic based simple and robust method for generating millimeter waves applicable in 5G access fronthaul is presented and the radio over fiber (RoF) system for transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with 5 GHz bandwidth is presented.
Abstract: 5G communications require a multi Gb/s data transmission in its small cells. For this purpose millimeter wave (mm-wave) RF signals are the best solutions to be utilized for high speed data transmission. Generation of these high frequency RF signals is challenging in electrical domain therefore photonic generation of these signals is more studied. In this work, a photonic based simple and robust method for generating millimeter waves applicable in 5G access fronthaul is presented. Besides generating of the mm-wave signal in the 60 GHz frequency band the radio over fiber (RoF) system for transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with 5 GHz bandwidth is presented. For the purpose of wireless transmission for 5G application the required antenna is designed and developed. The total system performance in one small cell was studied and the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the system was evaluated.
126 citations
TL;DR: MIMO antenna is designed using the proposed antenna in such a way that the polarization diversity of the adjacent radiator is exploited, resulting in high isolation between antenna elements and low-envelope correlation coefficient, which makes it a suitable candidate for future 5G MIMO applications.
Abstract: This paper presents the design and the realization of broadband circularly polarized (CP) Fabry-Perot resonant antenna using a single superstrate for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications. The antenna consists of a corner cut patch with a diagonal slot and a superstrate. The individual resonances of the corner cut patch and patch with diagonal slot are overlapped to improve the intrinsic narrow impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of the single-fed patch antennas. A half-wavelength spaced superstrate having a half-wavelength thickness is employed as a partially reflecting surface (PRS) for high gain and wide AR as well as impedance bandwidths. The design procedure and mechanisms of the PRS are discussed in detail through the equivalent circuit and ray tracing analysis. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed antennas have a wide operational bandwidth of 25-33 GHz (27.6%) for |S
11
| <; -10 dB with a stable gain achieving a maximum value of 14.1 dBiC and a wide 3-dB AR bandwidth ranging from 26-31.3 GHz (17%). This operational bandwidth of the antenna covers the proposed entire global 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum (26-29.5 GHz). Moreover, a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna is designed using the proposed antenna in such a way that the polarization diversity of the adjacent radiator is exploited, resulting in high isolation between antenna elements and low-envelope correlation coefficient, which makes it a suitable candidate for future 5G MIMO applications.
126 citations
Cites background or result from "Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..."
...Moreover, the proposed antenna outperformed the existing Fabry-Perot antennas ([17]–[19] and [37]) irrespective of their polarization due to its comparable gain (14....
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...Finally, the performance of the proposed 5G MIMO antenna is compared with some other recently reported mmWave antennas ([17]–[19], [26]–[29], and [36]–[38]) TABLE 3....
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...Although the antenna profile can be reduced using a printed PRS having a quarterwavelength thickness in mmWave bands, these designs suffer from narrow 3-dB gain bandwidth [17]–[20], especially the AR bandwidth in CP antennas [18], [37]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a modified 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 series-fed patch antenna arrays with beam-steering capability are designed and fabricated for 28 GHz millimeter-wave applications.
Abstract: New modified 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 series-fed patch antenna arrays with beam-steering capability are designed and fabricated for 28-GHz millimeter-wave applications. In the designs, the patches are connected to each other continuously and in symmetric 2-D format using the high-impedance microstrip lines. In the first design, 3-D beam-scanning range of ± 25° and good radiation and impedance characteristics were attained by using only one phase shifter. In the second one, a new mechanism is introduced to reduce the number of the feed ports and the related phase shifters (from default number 2 N to the reduced number N + 1 in the serial feed (here N = 3) and then the cost, complexity, and size of the design. Here, good scanning performance of a range of ± 20°, acceptable sidelobe level, and gain of 15.6 dB are obtained. These features allow to use additional integrated circuits to improve the gain and performance. A comparison to the conventional array without modification is done. The measured and simulated results and discussions are presented.
113 citations
TL;DR: The novelty of this paper is the collocation of a high- frequencies end-fire 5G antenna array with an old-generation low-frequency antenna, such as 4G in small space in the mobile terminal, without interfering with the radiation pattern and impedance matching of both low- and high-frequency antennas.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel technique of collocating a millimeter-wave end-fire 5G beam steerable array antenna with a low-frequency planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is presented. In this technique, the low-frequency antenna can be transparent by using some grating strips between the low- and high-frequency antennas. A quad-element mm-wave array with end-fire radiation patterns operating in 22–31 GHz is integrated with a dual-band low-frequency PIFA in a mobile terminal. The novelty of this paper is the collocation of a high-frequency end-fire 5G antenna array with an old-generation low-frequency antenna, such as 4G in small space in the mobile terminal, without interfering with the radiation pattern and impedance matching of both low- and high-frequency antennas. The proposed 5G antenna covers 22–31 GHz and can scan ±50° with the scan loss of better than 3 dB. The coverage efficiency of the proposed mm-wave 5G antenna is better than 50% and 80% for a minimum gain of 4 and 0 dBi in 22–31 GHz, respectively. The gain of the high-frequency antenna array is better than 9.5 dBi at 28 GHz. The low-frequency antenna covers some practical 4G LTE bands from 740–960 MHz and 1.7–2.2 GHz bands. The measured results in both low and high frequencies agree well with the simulations.
104 citations
Cites background from "Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..."
...Several mm-wave antennas have been proposed for the 5G scenarios [4]–[6]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation of the radiation and circuit properties of a resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna has been undertaken, and a simple theory utilizing the magnetic wall boundary condition is shown to correlate well with measured results for radiation patterns and resonant frequencies.
Abstract: An experimental investigation of the radiation and circuit properties of a resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna has been undertaken. The radiation patterns and input impedance have been measured for structures of various geometrical aspect ratios, dielectric constants, and sizes of coaxial feed probes. A simple theory utilizing the magnetic wall boundary condition is shown to correlate well with measured results for radiation patterns and resonant frequencies.
1,434 citations
"Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..." refers methods in this paper
...In the early 1980s, dielectric resonators have been used as antennas (DRAs) [2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a complete blbliography to English language publications on dielectric resonators and present several examples of oscillator applications, as well as a tutorial for new 2-, 4-, and 6GHz bandpass filters.
Abstract: Dielectric resonators are being used in microwave filters and oscillators now that high-dielectric-constant, high-Q, temperature-stable ceramics have been developed. This paper reviews dielectric resonators with emphasis on applications, contains tutorial material, deseribes new 2-, 4-, and 6GHz bandpass filters, and presents several examples of oscillator applications. A complete blbliography to English language publications on dielectric resonators is included.
251 citations
"Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION In the late 1960s, dielectric resonators have been proposed as high-Q elements in microwave circuits, such as filters and oscillators, [1]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a novel approach to enhance the bandwidth of the high directivity of the resonant cavity antenna (RCA) by applying two dielectric layers as superstrates.
Abstract: We propose a novel approach to enhance the bandwidth of the high directivity of the resonant cavity antenna (RCA) by applying two dielectric layers as superstrates. The approach is based on creating two cavities corresponding to two operating frequency bands that combine to form a single wide band of operation. The RCA design is discussed in a methodological manner to determine the thicknesses of the superstrates, the separation distance between them, and the separation distance to the ground plane. We show that the proposed technique is capable of enhancing the bandwidth from 9% of the single superstrate RCA to 17.9% of the two superstrate RCA, with only 0.1-dB reduction of the maximum directivity (17.5 dBi). The presented design method can be replicated for any RCA with any directivity level and type of primary feeding. The performance of the analytically designed antenna is validated by simulation using commercial numerical electromagnetics software.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of patch antenna, designated as the dense dielectric patch antenna (DD patch antenna), was proposed, which has similar performance as the conventional metallic circular microstrip antenna operated in the fundamental TM11 mode.
Abstract: By replacing the metallic patch of a microstrip antenna with a high permittivity thin dielectric slab, a new type of patch antenna, designated as the dense dielectric patch antenna (DD patch antenna), is proposed. At lower microwave frequencies, it has similar performance as the conventional metallic circular microstrip antenna operated in the fundamental TM11 mode. A prototype operated at 3.98 GHz exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 1% and a gain of 5.6 dBi. Due to the absence of the metallic patch, it is expected that this antenna has better radiation efficiency at millimeter wave and terahertz frequencies in comparison with the conventional microstrip patch antenna.
87 citations
"Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..." refers background in this paper
...It is expected that the ef?ciency of this antenna is higher than that of the conventional metallic patch antenna, especially at higher frequencies where the radiation ef?ciency of themicrostrip patch antenna becomes low [4], besides maintaining the low-profile feature....
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TL;DR: In this article, the radiation patterns of cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas excited with a TM11 mode are computed numerically, and the numerical data obtained is found in good agreement with available experimental results.
Abstract: The radiation patterns of cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas excited with a TM11 mode is computed numerically. The numerical data obtained is found in good agreement with available experimental results. The symmetry of the radiation patterns is improved by reducing the ground plane dimensions, while the backlobe level is reduced by placing the antenna in a topless cylindrical cavity.
31 citations
"Dense Dielectric Patch Array Antenn..." refers background in this paper
...Many researchers have shown great interest in using DRAs in many different applications because of their unique feature of low-loss and high-efficiency compared to metallic patches [3]....
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