Dense Space Division Multiplexed Transmission Over Multicore and Multimode Fiber for Long-haul Transport Systems
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the requirements for realizing long-haul DSDM transport systems using multicore and/or multimode fiber, including power and space efficient amplification schemes, the use of fibers with large effective areas and transmission lines with low intercore crosstalk, low differential mode delay (DMD), and low mode dependent loss (MDL).
Abstract: In this paper, we review recent progress on space division multiplexed (SDM) transmission and our proposal of dense SDM (DSDM) with more than 30 spatial channels toward capacities beyond petabit/s. Furthermore, we discuss the requirements for realizing long-haul DSDM transport systems using multicore and/or multimode fiber, including power and space efficient amplification schemes, the use of fibers with large effective areas and transmission lines with low intercore crosstalk, low differential mode delay (DMD), and low mode dependent loss (MDL). Graded index heterogeneous 12-core × 3-mode fiber with low crosstalk, low DMD, and low MDL, parallel multiple-input and multiple-output signal processing, low mode dependent gain Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, and MDL equalization technologies are significant as regards extending the reach of multicore and multimode transmission. We review our long-distance transmission experiment on polarization-division multiplexed 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signaling over 12-core × 3-mode fiber.
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TL;DR: A survey on fiber nonlinearity compensation (NLC) techniques is provided and focuses on the well-known NLC techniques and discusses their performance, as well as their implementation and complexity.
Abstract: Optical communication systems represent the backbone of modern communication networks. Since their deployment, different fiber technologies have been used to deal with optical fiber impairments such as dispersion-shifted fibers and dispersion-compensation fibers. In recent years, thanks to the introduction of coherent detection based systems, fiber impairments can be mitigated using digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. Coherent systems are used in the current 100 Gb/s wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) standard technology. They allow the increase of spectral efficiency by using multilevel modulation formats, and are combined with DSP techniques to combat linear fiber distortions. In addition to linear impairments, the next generation 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s WDM systems are also more affected by the fiber nonlinearity due to the Kerr effect. At high input powers, fiber nonlinear effects become more important and their compensation is required to improve the transmission performance. Several approaches have been proposed to deal with the fiber nonlinearity. In this paper, after a brief description of the Kerr-induced nonlinear effects, a survey on fiber nonlinearity compensation (NLC) techniques is provided. We focus on the well-known NLC techniques and discuss their performance, as well as their implementation and complexity. An extension of the inter-subcarrier nonlinear interference canceler approach is also proposed. A performance evaluation of the well-known NLC techniques and the proposed approach is provided in the context of Nyquist and super-Nyquist superchannel systems.
84 citations
Cites background from "Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..."
...Space division multiplexing (SDM), such as the use of multi-core fibers and the re-introduction of multi-mode fibers, has been proposed for the next generation of WDM communication systems [4]–[7]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission experimental demonstrations and associated technologies is presented, where various types of multicore and multimode SDM fibers, amplification, and spatial multi/demultiplexers have helped achieve high-capacity DSDM transmission.
75 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical study of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-based space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission shows the existence of optimal values of spectral efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, and span length that maximize power efficiency as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: We discuss space division multiplexing as a means of increasing link capacity for power limited transmission in undersea communication. Theoretical study of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-based space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission shows the existence of optimal values of spectral efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, and span length that maximize power efficiency. We experimentally confirm the existence of an optimal spectral efficiency and demonstrate power efficient SDM transmission using 12-core multicore fiber. Modulation format, amplifier, and link design are discussed in connection to SDM power efficient transmission.
63 citations
Cites background from "Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..."
...Based on this analysis, signals propagating through different cores in the fiber are not affected by inter-core crosstalk and can be treated independently, similar to [26]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a survey on the fiber nonlinearity compensation (NLC) techniques is provided and an extension of the inter-subcarrier nonlinear interference canceler approach is also proposed.
Abstract: Optical communication systems represent the backbone of modern communication networks. Since their deployment, different fiber technologies have been used to deal with optical fiber impairments such as dispersion-shifted fibers and dispersion-compensation fibers. In recent years, thanks to the introduction of coherent detection based systems, fiber impairments can be mitigated using digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. Coherent systems are used in the current 100 Gbps wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) standard technology. They allow the increase of spectral efficiency by using multi-level modulation formats, and are combined with DSP techniques to combat the linear fiber distortions. In addition to linear impairments, the next generation 400 Gbps/1 Tbps WDM systems are also more affected by the fiber nonlinearity due to the Kerr effect. At high input power, the fiber nonlinear effects become more important and their compensation is required to improve the transmission performance. Several approaches have been proposed to deal with the fiber nonlinearity. In this paper, after a brief description of the Kerr-induced nonlinear effects, a survey on the fiber nonlinearity compensation (NLC) techniques is provided. We focus on the well-known NLC techniques and discuss their performance, as well as their implementation and complexity. An extension of the inter-subcarrier nonlinear interference canceler approach is also proposed. A performance evaluation of the well-known NLC techniques and the proposed approach is provided in the context of Nyquist and super-Nyquist superchannel systems.
58 citations
18 Nov 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the coherent interaction of light with light on a plasmonic metamaterial was used for all-optical logical operations between pairs of simulated spatially multiplexed information channels.
Abstract: The exponential growth of telecommunications bandwidth will require next generation optical networks, where multiple spatial information channels will be transmitted in parallel. To realise the full potential of parallel optical data channels, fast and scalable multichannel solutions for processing of optical data are of paramount importance. Established solutions based on the nonlinear wave interaction in photorefractive materials are slow. Here we experimentally demonstrate all-optical logical operations between pairs of simulated spatially multiplexed information channels using the coherent interaction of light with light on a plasmonic metamaterial. The approach is suitable for fiber implementation and—in principle—operates with diffraction-limited spatial resolution, 100 THz bandwidth, and arbitrarily low intensities, thus promising ultrafast, low-power solutions for all-optical parallel data processing.
54 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the capacity limit of fiber-optic communication systems (or fiber channels?) is estimated based on information theory and the relationship between the commonly used signal to noise ratio and the optical signal-to-noise ratio is discussed.
Abstract: We describe a method to estimate the capacity limit of fiber-optic communication systems (or ?fiber channels?) based on information theory. This paper is divided into two parts. Part 1 reviews fundamental concepts of digital communications and information theory. We treat digitization and modulation followed by information theory for channels both without and with memory. We provide explicit relationships between the commonly used signal-to-noise ratio and the optical signal-to-noise ratio. We further evaluate the performance of modulation constellations such as quadrature-amplitude modulation, combinations of amplitude-shift keying and phase-shift keying, exotic constellations, and concentric rings for an additive white Gaussian noise channel using coherent detection. Part 2 is devoted specifically to the "fiber channel.'' We review the physical phenomena present in transmission over optical fiber networks, including sources of noise, the need for optical filtering in optically-routed networks, and, most critically, the presence of fiber Kerr nonlinearity. We describe various transmission scenarios and impairment mitigation techniques, and define a fiber channel deemed to be the most relevant for communication over optically-routed networks. We proceed to evaluate a capacity limit estimate for this fiber channel using ring constellations. Several scenarios are considered, including uniform and optimized ring constellations, different fiber dispersion maps, and varying transmission distances. We further present evidences that point to the physical origin of the fiber capacity limitations and provide a comparison of recent record experiments with our capacity limit estimation.
2,135 citations
"Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..." refers background in this paper
...[3], and it decreases for long-haul transport systems because of the tradeoff between spectral efficiency and transmission reach [4], [5]....
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16 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate 1.01-Pb/s transmission over 52 km with the highest aggregate spectral efficiency of 91.4 b/s/Hz by using low-crosstalk one-ring-structured 12-core fiber.
Abstract: (40-Word Limit): We demonstrate 1.01-Pb/s transmission over 52 km with the highest aggregate spectral efficiency of 91.4 b/s/Hz by using low-crosstalk one-ring-structured 12-core fiber. Our multi-core fiber and compact fan-in/fan-out devices are designed to support high-order modulation formats up to 32-QAM in SDM transmission.
323 citations
"Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..." refers background in this paper
...Good connectivity with many types of MCFs was demonstrated in transmission experiments involving hexagonal seven-core [44] and 12-core MCFs [9],...
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...Good connectivity with many types of MCFs was demonstrated in transmission experiments involving hexagonal seven-core [44] and 12-core MCFs [9], [11], [41], and square lattice 12-core heterogeneous MCFMF [15], [20]....
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...The transmission capacity with SDM technology first exceeded 100 Tb/s when using 16.8 and 76.8 km seven-core MCFs with capacities of 109 [6] and 112 Tb/s [7], respectively....
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13 Jul 2009
TL;DR: The research effort of most advanced optical infrastructure technologies named "EXAT: Extremely Advanced Transmission" towards the next few decades and beyond are described in this article, enabling well over Peta bit/s per fiber link capacity and Exa-class network throughput.
Abstract: Research effort of most advanced optical infrastructure technologies named “EXAT: Extremely Advanced Transmission” towards the next few decades and beyond are described, enabling well over Peta bit/s per fiber link capacity and Exa-class network throughput.
289 citations
TL;DR: A new type of optical fiber called heterogeneous multi-core fiber (heterogeneous MCF) is proposed towards future large-capacity optical-transport networks and the design principle is described.
Abstract: A new type of optical fiber called heterogeneous multi-core fiber (heterogeneous MCF) is proposed towards future large-capacity optical-transport networks and the design principle is described. In the heterogeneous MCF, not only identical but also non-identical cores, which are single-mode in isolation of each other, are arranged so that cross-talk between any pair of cores becomes sufficiently small. As the maximum power transferred between non-identical cores goes down drastically, cores are more closely packed in definite space, compared to a conventional, homogeneous multi-core fiber (homogeneous MCF) composed of only identical cores.
285 citations
"Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..." refers methods in this paper
...Another approach is to use heterogeneous MCF [48] with non-identical cores....
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03 Dec 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a wideband optical comb source with 10THz bandwidth for 2.15 Pb/s transmission over 31km of a new, homogeneous 22-core single-mode multi-core fiber using 399 × 25GHz spaced, 6.468 Tb/S spatial-super-channels comprising 24.5GBaud PDM-64QAM modulation in each core.
Abstract: We use a wideband optical comb source with 10THz bandwidth for 2.15 Pb/s transmission over 31km of a new, homogeneous 22-core single-mode multi-core fiber using 399 × 25GHz spaced, 6.468 Tb/s spatial-super-channels comprising 24.5GBaud PDM-64QAM modulation in each core.
283 citations
"Dense Space Division Multiplexed Tr..." refers background in this paper
...numbers of cores and modes in an MCF and FMF have also been increased to 22 [10] and 15 [19], respectively....
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