Design and analysis of a MAC protocol for wireless body area network using wakeup radio
01 Dec 2011-pp 148-153
TL;DR: It is found that the proposed MAC protocol for WBAN using wakeup radio mechanism has improved the performance in terms of energy consumption and delay.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are widely used for healthcare applications. A new field known as wireless body area networks (WBAN) has emerged to support this area. An energy efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol can increase the performance of such a network. The major requirements for a WBAN MAC protocol are energy efficiency and low delay. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol for WBAN using wakeup radio mechanism. We present a detailed analytical model for both energy consumption and delay. We have simulated the proposed MAC and compared the results. It is found that the proposed MAC has improved the performance in terms of energy consumption and delay.
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TL;DR: This paper presents an overview of the WuR system architecture, including challenges to hardware design and a comparison of solutions presented throughout the last decade, as well as diverse ways to exploit WuRs, both as an extension of pre-existing systems and as a new concept to manage low-power networking.
Abstract: In wireless environments, transmission and reception costs dominate system power consumption, motivating research effort on new technologies capable of reducing the footprint of the radio, paving the way for the Internet of Things. The most important challenge is to reduce power consumption when receivers are idle, the so called idle-listening cost. One approach proposes switching off the main receiver, then introduces new wake-up circuitry capable of detecting an incoming transmission, optionally discriminating the packet destination using addressing, then switching on the main radio only when required. This wake-up receiver technology represents the ultimate frontier in low power radio communication. In this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review of the research progress in wake-up radio (WuR) hardware and relevant networking software. First, we present an overview of the WuR system architecture, including challenges to hardware design and a comparison of solutions presented throughout the last decade. Next, we present various medium access control and routing protocols as well as diverse ways to exploit WuRs, both as an extension of pre-existing systems and as a new concept to manage low-power networking.
209 citations
Cites methods from "Design and analysis of a MAC protoc..."
...Several existing MAC protocols, VLPM [133] WhMAC [42], [104], On-Demand MAC [134], [135], and GWR-MAC [138], [139], have been proposed for the star topology, applying this schema using existing wakeup radios to WBAN....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the transmission delay of different paths through which data is sent from sensor to health care center over heterogeneous multi-hop wireless channel is analyzed, where data of medical related diseases is sent through three different paths.
Abstract: With increase in ageing population, health care market keeps growing. There is a need for monitoring ofhealth issues. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) consists of wireless sensors attached on or inside humanbody for monitoring vital health related problems e.g, Electro Cardiogram (ECG), Electro Encephalogram (EEG),ElectronyStagmography (ENG) etc. Due to life threatening situations, timely sending of data is essential. For data toreach health care center, there must be a proper way of sending data through reliable connection and with minimumdelay. In this paper transmission delay of different paths, through which data is sent from sensor to health carecenter over heterogeneous multi-hop wireless channel is analyzed. Data of medical related diseases is sent throughthree different paths. In all three paths, data from sensors first reaches ZigBee, which is the common link in allthree paths. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX),Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are connected with ZigBee. Each network (WLAN, WiMAX,UMTS) is setup according to environmental conditions, suitability of device and availability of structure for thatdevice. Data from these networks is sent to IP-Cloud, which is further connected to health care center. Delay ofdata reaching each device is calculated and represented graphically. Main aim of this paper is to calculate delay ofeach link in each path over multi-hop wireless channel.Index TermsWBAN; Delay; Multi-hop; UMTS; WiMAX; WLAN; ZigBee; Heterogeneous;
24 citations
Patent•
21 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a fast association wake-up method for wireless body area networks is proposed, which includes the steps that the frame head, the frame body and the frame tail of a wakeup frame are determined.
Abstract: The invention discloses a fast association wakeup method of a wireless body area network. The fast association wakeup method of the wireless body area network includes the steps that the frame head, the frame body and the frame tail of a wakeup frame are determined; a unicast wakeup association is adopted and comprises a brand new unicast wakeup frame and a unicast wakeup association mechanism; a multicast wakeup association comprises a multicast wakeup frame, an address index number comparison table and a multicast wakeup association mechanism. Through the method, the needed time from wakeup to MK establishment is shortened, the node awaiting time is shortened, and therefore the node energy loss is reduced to a certain extent, and the method can be used for the association wakeup process of sensing nodes in the wireless body area network.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of Access Techniques used in Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is performed between TDMA, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), Pure ALOHA, and Slotted ALoha (S-ALOHA).
Abstract: This study presents comparison of Access Techniques used in Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Comparison is performed between Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA). Performance metrics used for comparison are Throughput (T), Delay (D) and offered load (G). The main goal for comparison is to show which technique gives highest Throughput and lowest Delay with increase in Load. Energy efficiency is major issue in WBAN that is why there is need to know which technique performs best for energy conservation and also gives minimum delay. Simulations are performed for different scenarios and results are compared for all techniques. We suggest TDMA as best technique to be used in MAC protocol for WBANs due to its high throughput and minimum delay with increase in load. MATLAB is the tool that is used for simulation.
23 citations
18 Jun 2015
TL;DR: Results based on measured power consumption and OMNET++ simulation demonstrate that by using the wake up radio it is possible to reduce the power consumption up to 150 times compared to related protocols and the lifetime can be significantly increased in a real world scenario.
Abstract: A fast growing class of sensing technology is wearable, where network nodes are tightly coupled with the human body. Wireless body area networks (WBAN) technology has gained popularity over the last few years, with a wide range of applications covered, in particular in health and rehabilitation. Wearable and pervasive computing are able to sense, monitor and process the data to provide smart assistance and context-aware ambient intelligence environments. However present-day WBAN devices are mainly battery-powered and due to energy issue they need to be recharged every day or even hours and thus they miss the expectations for a truly unobtrusive user experience. This work presents a novel energy-efficient asynchronous MAC protocol using a nano-watt wake up radio with addressing capabilities to reduce the energy consumption of the communication and then extend the WBAN life time. We present the benefits of the wake up radio in a star topology widely used in WBAN where the number of the node is around 5 to 10. The implemented protocol exploiting the low power consumption of the wake up radio, the low latency and the addressing capabilities can increase significantly the energy efficiency of the single node and entire network reducing both idle listening and data collisions. Result based on measured power consumption and OMNET++ simulation demonstrate that by using the wake up radio it is possible to reduce the power consumption up to 150 times compared to related protocols and the lifetime can be significantly increased in a real world scenario.
19 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: S-MAC as discussed by the authors is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks, which uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, including virtual clusters to auto-sync on sleep schedules.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 802.11 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important. S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration. To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep. Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules. Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes. Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling. Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network. We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley. The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 802.11-like MAC consumes 2–6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1–10s.
5,354 citations
07 Nov 2002
TL;DR: S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, and applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 80211 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 80211-like MAC consumes 2-6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1-10 s
5,117 citations
"Design and analysis of a MAC protoc..." refers result in this paper
...S-MAC uses a CSMA/CA based mechanism and employs the typical RTSCTS-DATA-ACK scheme for communication....
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...Average energy consumption for the proposed MAC protocol is compared with WiseMAC and S-MAC as shown in Fig.7....
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...We have simulated and compared the results of the proposed MAC with WiseMAC [11] and S-MAC [12]....
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...In the simulation setup, we have taken values to accommodate functionalities of WiseMAC and S-MAC....
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...Due to on-demand nature of the proposed protocol, it uses less energy while WiseMAC and S-MAC periodically uses preamble and RTS/CTS respectively, which consumes extra energy....
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28 Jun 2004
TL;DR: It is shown that WiseMAC can provide a significantly lower power consumption for the same delay than the power management protocol used in the IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee standard.
Abstract: This work proposes wiseMAC(wireless sensor MAC) for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. WiseMAC is a novel energy efficient medium access control protocol based on synchronized preamble sampling. The trade-off between power consumption and delay is analyzed, focusing on low traffic. WiseMAC is compared analytically with the power management protocol used in the IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee standard. It is shown that WiseMAC can provide a significantly lower power consumption for the same delay.
520 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-radio architecture is used which allows a sensor to "wakeup" a neighbor with a busy tone and send its packets for that destination, but this process is expensive because all neighbors must awake and listen to the primary channel to determine who is the intended destination.
Abstract: For increasing the life of sensor networks, each node must conserve energy as much as possible. In this paper, we propose a protocol in which energy is conserved by amortizing the energy cost of communication over multiple packets. In addition, we allow sensors to control the amount of buffered packets since storage space is limited. To achieve this, a two-radio architecture is used which allows a sensor to "wakeup" a neighbor with a busy tone and send its packets for that destination. However, this process is expensive because all neighbors must awake and listen to the primary channel to determine who is the intended destination. Therefore, triggered wakeups on the primary channel are proposed to avoid using the more costly wakeup procedure. We present a protocol for efficiently determining how large the period for these wakeups should be such that energy consumption is reduced.
359 citations
"Design and analysis of a MAC protoc..." refers background in this paper
...Wakeup radio concept has been proposed for sensor networks to minimize energy consumption [2,3,4,5]....
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01 Nov 2009
TL;DR: The results show that the protocol is energy efficient for streaming communication as well as sending short bursts of data, and thus can be used for different types of physiological signals with different sample rates.
Abstract: This paper presents an energy-efficient medium access control protocol suitable for communication in a wireless body area network for remote monitoring of physiological signals such as EEG and ECG. The protocol takes advantage of the static nature of the body area network to implement the effective time-division multiple access (TDMA) strategy with very little amount of overhead and almost no idle listening (by static, we refer to the fixed topology of the network investigated). The main goal is to develop energy-efficient and reliable communication protocol to support streaming of large amount of data. TDMA synchronization problems are discussed and solutions are presented. Equations for duty cycle calculation are also derived for power consumption and battery life predictions. The power consumption model was also validated through measurements. Our results show that the protocol is energy efficient for streaming communication as well as sending short bursts of data, and thus can be used for different types of physiological signals with different sample rates. The protocol is implemented on the analog devices ADF7020 RF transceivers.
263 citations
"Design and analysis of a MAC protoc..." refers result in this paper
...Authors in [10] have provided a comparison between TDMA and CSMA/CA schemes as shown in Table I....
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