Design and Analysis of Hall Effect Probe-Based Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Sensor

A Hall Sensor-Based Position Measurement With On-Line Model Parameters Computation for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor

Abstract: With the advantage of low cost and small size, a hall sensor has been exploited to detect motor position, and this strategy has attracted much attention. A challenge is that measurement model parameters vary with position and vary from motor to motor because of the machining errors of permanent magnets. While, most existing methods use other auxiliary displacement sensors to calibrate model parameters off-line, which require a lot of preliminary work and lose adaptation when they are applied in industry. In this paper, an on-line simultaneous computation of model parameters and position method is proposed to measure position for a permanent magnet synchronous linear motor. The measurement model with Fourier series is employed to approximate the mapping relationship between magnetic field strength and mover position. Based on the continuous variation characteristics of model parameters and position, a simultaneous computational algorithm is proposed to real-timely compute model parameters and position without other sensors. In the experiments of one-way and reciprocating motion, magnetic field information is detected by a self-designed hall sensor array. Experimental results indicate that the standard deviation of measurement error is less than $10~\mu \text{m}$ with the comparison of a reference optical encoder.

A Comprehensive Review of Integrated Hall Effects in Macro-, Micro-, Nanoscales, and Quantum Devices.

Abstract: A comprehensive review of the main existing devices, based on the classic and new related Hall Effects is hereby presented. The review is divided into sub-categories presenting existing macro-, micro-, nanoscales, and quantum-based components and circuitry applications. Since Hall Effect-based devices use current and magnetic field as an input and voltage as output. researchers and engineers looked for decades to take advantage and integrate these devices into tiny circuitry, aiming to enable new functions such as high-speed switches, in particular at the nanoscale technology. This review paper presents not only an historical overview of past endeavors, but also the remaining challenges to overcome. As part of these trials, one can mention complex design, fabrication, and characterization of smart nanoscale devices such as sensors and amplifiers, towards the next generations of circuitry and modules in nanotechnology. When compared to previous domain-limited text books, specialized technical manuals and focused scientific reviews, all published several decades ago, this up-to-date review paper presents important advantages and novelties: Large coverage of all domains and applications, clear orientation to the nanoscale dimensions, extended bibliography of almost one hundred fifty recent references, review of selected analytical models, summary tables and phenomena schematics. Moreover, the review includes a lateral examination of the integrated Hall Effect per sub-classification of subjects. Among others, the following sub-reviews are presented: Main existing macro/micro/nanoscale devices, materials and elements used for the fabrication, analytical models, numerical complementary models and tools used for simulations, and technological challenges to overcome in order to implement the effect in nanotechnology. Such an up-to-date review may serve the scientific community as a basis for novel research oriented to new nanoscale devices, modules, and Process Development Kit (PDK) markets.

Complex Rotary Structures Machined by Micro-WEDM☆

Abstract: In this paper, a method of complex rotary structures machined by micro wire electrical discharge machining (micro-WEDM) is presented. A high-speed rotating spindle has been designed and installed to the self-developed precise micro-WEDM equipment with two axis to enable the processing of complex rotary structures. The feasibility of the device for machining rotary structures is verified by performing many preliminary experiments. Meanwhile, the effects of open voltage and revolving speed on material removing rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra) are investigated. A multiple cutting method for micro ball-ended probe using micro-WEDM is proposed, which includes rough machining with high machining parameters and finish machining with low machining parameters. What's more, the reuse of the reciprocated fine wire electrode with 30 μm diameter was realized in both process steps. Ultimately, a typical experimental sample, micro ball-ended probe with 97.6 μm in diameter and 0.7 μm in Ra was successfully fabricated.

Design of a Smart Pressure Transmitter and Its Temperature Compensation Using Artificial Neural Network

Abstract: This paper presents a smart pressure transmitter using bellow as primary sensor. The deflection of bellow is converted into electrical output using hall probe sensor as secondary sensor. The output Hall voltage is affected by change in input parameters like temperature. So firstly the effect of temperature on Hall voltage is derived mathematically and then experimentally analyzed. This effect of temperature on output Hall voltage is then compensated using artificial neural network. The compensated output Hall voltage is then converted into (4–20) mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. The proposed design, experimental and testing results are reported in this paper.

Design and Analysis of an Electro-Optic Type Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Primary Sensor

Abstract: In process industries, an optical transmitting system has a great impact especially for long distance transmission through inflammable and hazardous areas. A combination of bellows and Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based pressure transmitting system has been proposed in this paper. This novel approach is capable to transmit pressure reading to a remote location using an electro-optic modulation in the MZI. The proposed system is the hybrid type and consists of two sections. First part is the electrical type which is responsible for transmission of measured information in an electrical domain (primary) and a second section is designed for transmission of measured information in an optical domain (secondary). Primary part is the combination of bellows, a Hall probe sensor, and a signal conditioning circuit, and the second part consists of the MZI with three electrodes. The pressure is directly applied to the bellows. The magnet is placed at the top of the Bellows and the variation of the magnet positions is sensed by the Hall probe sensor. The response of the Hall probe sensor, in terms of millivolt range, is not capable to perform the electro-optic modulation in the MZI, so it is further amplified by an instrumentation amplifier and a calibrating circuit. The output from the signal conditioning circuit is fed to the MZI so that the intensity of light which is propagating in the MZI is modulated due to the electro-optic effect. Transmission of the optical signal is very much beneficial for the inflammable industry to prevent the sparking like situation. The operation of the system has been explained with the help of derived theoretical equations. The experiment has been done and the performance of the system along with the experimental results is reported in this paper. The proposed system is linear and provides good repeatability with the applied pressure.

Measurement Systems: Application and Design

Abstract: Part 1 General Concepts 1 Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation 2 Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments 3 Generalized Performance Characteristics of Instruments Part 2 Measuring Devices 4 Motion and Dimensional Measurement 5 Force, Torque, and Shaft Power Measurement 6 Pressure and Sound Measurement 7 Flow Measurement 8 Temperature and Heat-Flux Measurement 9 Miscellaneous Measurements Part 3 Manipulation, Transmission, and Recording of Data 10 Manipulating, Computing, and Compensating Devices 11 Data Transmission and Instrument Connectivity 12 Voltage-Indicating and -Recording Devices 13 Data-Acquisition Systems for Personal Computers 14 Measurement Systems Applied to Micro- and Nanotechnology

Principles of measurement systems

Abstract: Part I: General Principles 1. The general measurement system. 2. Static characteristics of measurement system elements. 3. The accuracy of measurement systems in the steady state. 4. Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems. 5. Loading effects and two port networks. 6. Signals and noise in measurement systems. 7. Reliability, choice and economics of measurement systems. Part II: Typical Measurement System elements. 8. Sensing elements. 9. Signal conditioning elements. 10. Signal processing elements. 11. Data presentation elements. Part III: Speciaised Measurement Systems 12. Flow measurement systems. 13. Intrinsically safe measurement systems. 14. Heat transfer effects in measurement systems. 15. Optical measurement systems. 16. Ultrasonic measurement systems. 17. Gas chromatography. 18. Data acquisition. Answers to numerical problems. Index.

Micro-Hall devices: performance, technologies and applications

Abstract: In this review paper, we summarize the performance (in particular the magnetic field resolution), micro-fabrication technologies and applications of micrometer sized Hall effect devices. Additionally, our activities in this domain are briefly described.

Process measurement and analysis

Abstract: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flowsheet Symbols and P&I Diagrams Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols Instrument Terminology and Performance System Accuracy Uncertainty Calculations Configuring Intelligent Devices Instrument Installation Instrument Calibration Response Time and Drift Testing Redundant and Voting Systems Instrument Evaluation Binary Logic Diagrams FLOW MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmeters-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units Polyphase (Oil/Water/Gas) Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flowmeter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flowmeters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Variable-Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters V-Cone Flowmeter Venturi Tubes, Flow Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters Weirs and Flumes LEVEL MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Probes Conductivity and Field Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Microwave Level Switches Optical Level Devices Radar, Noncontacting Level Sensors Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, PDS) Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges Thermal Level Sensors Time Domain Reflectometry and Phase Difference Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Color Indicators, Crayons, Pellets Fiber-Optic Thermometers Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Pneumatic and Suction Pyrometers Pyrometric Cones Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers Quartz Crystal Thermometry Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells Ultrasonic Thermometers PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Selection and Application Accessories: Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, and Manifolds Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Multiple Pressure Scanners Multiple Pressure Scanners Pressure Gauges Pressure Repeaters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Vacuum Sensors DENSITY MEASUREMENT Density: Applications and Selection Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas, Liquid, and Slurry Services) Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers Liquid/Slurry/Gas Density-Vibrating Densitometers Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers Gas Densitometers SAFETY AND MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS Boroscopes Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Electrical Meters and Sensors Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arresters, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Leak Detectors Linear and Angular Position Detection Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Relief Valves-Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves-Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Discs Soft Sensors Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Transducers Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Weather Stations Weighing Systems: General Considerations Weight Sensors ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analyzer Application and Selection Analyzer Sampling: Process Samples Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles Air Quality Monitoring Biometers Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Oxygen Demand Calorimeters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustibles Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Analyzers Corrosion Monitoring Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor Dioxin Analysis Elemental Monitors Fiber-Optic Probes Fluoride Analyzers Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Open Path Spectrometry Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particulates, Opacity, Dust, and Smoke Particle Size and Distribution Monitors pH Measurement Phosphorus Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers - ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers Sulfur Oxide Analyzers Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon Analyzers Toxic Gas Monitoring Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers-Application and Selection Viscometers-Laboratory Viscometers-Industrial Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers APPENDIX International System of Units Engineering Conversion Factors Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Metallic and Other Materials Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Directory of "Lost" Companies INDEX

Process/industrial instruments and controls handbook

Abstract: Through three editions, "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" has set the standard for authoritative information on instruments and controls used in the chemical process industries (CPI). Broad in scope, thorough, and practical, it has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the CPI. The new fourth edition, now titled "Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook", has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries. Extensively revised and updated, this monumental handbook reflects all of the latest developments on: control and data objectives; control and data systems, discrete-piece manufacturing control, and data acquisition and communication system architectures; measurement, sensors, transducers and transmitters; automatic control fundamentals and theory; computing elements in control settings; valves, actuators, and manipulators in control systems; operators' control system interface; control system design, selection, and specification. This reference source of measurement and control data should help design, control, instrumentation, process, manufacturing, and plant engineers design a system right the very first time and avoid costly downtime.