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Journal ArticleDOI

Design and Analysis of Hall Effect Probe-Based Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Sensor

TL;DR: The design of a noncontact pressure transducer along with a transmitting unit using bellows as the primary sensing element and a Hall sensor as secondary sensing element has been described and theoretical equations describing the operation of the proposed transducers and transmitter have been derived.
Abstract: Bellows is an elastic-type pressure sensor used as a local indicator in industry. Transmission of bellows reading to a remote location in control room is very important in pressure measurement and control system in industry. In this paper, the design of a noncontact pressure transducer along with a transmitting unit using bellows as the primary sensing element and a Hall sensor as secondary sensing element has been described. The theoretical equations describing the operation of the proposed transducer and transmitter have been derived. The function of the transducer and transmitter has been experimentally tested and the experimental results are reported in the paper. Both transducer and transmitter characteristics have been found to be linear with good repeatability. The graphical abstract is shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1. Graphical abstract.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a high-speed rotating spindle has been designed and installed to the self-developed precise micro-wire electrical discharge machining (micro-WEDM) equipment with two axis to enable the processing of complex rotary structures.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of a Bellows and a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based pressure transmitting system has been proposed, which is capable to transmit pressure reading to a remote location using an electro-optic modulation in the MZI.
Abstract: In process industries, an optical transmitting system has a great impact especially for long distance transmission through inflammable and hazardous areas. A combination of bellows and Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based pressure transmitting system has been proposed in this paper. This novel approach is capable to transmit pressure reading to a remote location using an electro-optic modulation in the MZI. The proposed system is the hybrid type and consists of two sections. First part is the electrical type which is responsible for transmission of measured information in an electrical domain (primary) and a second section is designed for transmission of measured information in an optical domain (secondary). Primary part is the combination of bellows, a Hall probe sensor, and a signal conditioning circuit, and the second part consists of the MZI with three electrodes. The pressure is directly applied to the bellows. The magnet is placed at the top of the Bellows and the variation of the magnet positions is sensed by the Hall probe sensor. The response of the Hall probe sensor, in terms of millivolt range, is not capable to perform the electro-optic modulation in the MZI, so it is further amplified by an instrumentation amplifier and a calibrating circuit. The output from the signal conditioning circuit is fed to the MZI so that the intensity of light which is propagating in the MZI is modulated due to the electro-optic effect. Transmission of the optical signal is very much beneficial for the inflammable industry to prevent the sparking like situation. The operation of the system has been explained with the help of derived theoretical equations. The experiment has been done and the performance of the system along with the experimental results is reported in this paper. The proposed system is linear and provides good repeatability with the applied pressure.

5 citations


Cites methods from "Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..."

  • ...[16] have produced a Hall effect pressure transmitter using bellows as a primary sensor....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple non-contact-type pressure transducer using a Bourdon tube and a Hall sensor where the effect of atmospheric temperature is compensated is described. And the static characteristic curves of a prototype design of the transducers are determined experimentally.
Abstract: This paper describes the design of a simple non-contact-type pressure transducer using a Bourdon tube and a Hall sensor where the effect of atmospheric temperature is compensated. In this design, a pressure sensing Hall IC is fixed with the nonmagnetic aluminum casing of a Bourdon gauge in front of a tiny disc-type permanent magnet rigidly attached with the free tip of the Bourdon tube. With the increase of pressure of the fluid inside the Bourdon tube, the free end along with the magnet moves toward the Hall sensor, and the magnetic field intensity due to the magnet on the Hall sensor increases with an increase of pressure. Due to this magnetic field, the outputs of the Hall sensor and the transducer circuit consisting of a differential amplifier and an instrumentation amplifier increase with the increase of pressure of the fluid inside the Bourdon tube. The transducer circuit consists of a unity gain differential amplifier circuit where the output of a second identical temperature sensing Hall IC is subtracted from the pressure sensing Hall IC output in order to compensate the effect of ambient temperature in the proposed transducer. The theoretical equations describing the operation of the transducer are derived in this paper. The static characteristic curves of a prototype design of the transducer are determined experimentally. The experimental results are reported in this paper. The characteristics curves are found to follow the theoretical equations with good repeatability and are free from ambient temperature effect.

5 citations


Cites methods from "Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..."

  • ...[11] have developed a Hall sensor based pressure transmitter using...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a smart pressure transmitter using bellow as primary sensor and the deflection of bellow is converted into electrical output using hall probe sensor as secondary sensor.
Abstract: This paper presents a smart pressure transmitter using bellow as primary sensor. The deflection of bellow is converted into electrical output using hall probe sensor as secondary sensor. The output Hall voltage is affected by change in input parameters like temperature. So firstly the effect of temperature on Hall voltage is derived mathematically and then experimentally analyzed. This effect of temperature on output Hall voltage is then compensated using artificial neural network. The compensated output Hall voltage is then converted into (4–20) mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. The proposed design, experimental and testing results are reported in this paper.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design approach, mathematical analysis and experimental results of the proposed model are reported in this paper and the proposed method is an economic and efficient transmission technique in hazardous areas where wired transmission is not feasible.
Abstract: A novel, cost- effective and efficient wireless pressure measurement system is modeled for transmission of the signal in harsh environment. The sensing part involves rubber bellows with a capacitive sensor made of copper plates. For remote transmission, monitoring and controlling the mechanical displacement of the bellows is converted into dc output voltage using differentiator and precision half wave rectifier. A linearization circuit is also designed, which linearized the output voltage with a value of percentage deviation from linearity of ±1.8%. For further FSK mode of transmission, the obtained linearized voltage is converted into 1 to 5 volt with a signal conditioning circuit. The transmitted output voltage is recovered using FSK demodulator circuit, LPF and a Decision circuit at receiving end. The full scale percentage error of the measurement system lies within 5% which is in an acceptable range. The proposed method is an economic and efficient transmission technique in hazardous areas where wired transmission is not feasible. The mathematical equations explaining the functioning of the proposed transmitter have been derived. The operation of the proposed pressure transmitter has been experimentally tested. The design approach, mathematical analysis and experimental results of the proposed model are reported in this paper.

4 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a history of ecoulement and mesures used in this discipline over a 25-year period and aims to establish a chronology of events leading up to and including the invention of EMT.
Abstract: Part 1 General Concepts 1 Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation 2 Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments 3 Generalized Performance Characteristics of Instruments Part 2 Measuring Devices 4 Motion and Dimensional Measurement 5 Force, Torque, and Shaft Power Measurement 6 Pressure and Sound Measurement 7 Flow Measurement 8 Temperature and Heat-Flux Measurement 9 Miscellaneous Measurements Part 3 Manipulation, Transmission, and Recording of Data 10 Manipulating, Computing, and Compensating Devices 11 Data Transmission and Instrument Connectivity 12 Voltage-Indicating and -Recording Devices 13 Data-Acquisition Systems for Personal Computers 14 Measurement Systems Applied to Micro- and Nanotechnology

913 citations


"Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...There are different techniques [1]–[4] available in industry to measure the absolute and gauge pressures....

    [...]

  • ...Secondary sensors like strain gauge, piezoelectric transducer, linear variable differential transformer and capacitive element [1]–[4] are used for that conversion....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present general principles of measurement systems, including reliability, choice and economics of measurement system elements, as well as the accuracy and reliability of the measurement system in the steady state.
Abstract: Part I: General Principles 1. The general measurement system. 2. Static characteristics of measurement system elements. 3. The accuracy of measurement systems in the steady state. 4. Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems. 5. Loading effects and two port networks. 6. Signals and noise in measurement systems. 7. Reliability, choice and economics of measurement systems. Part II: Typical Measurement System elements. 8. Sensing elements. 9. Signal conditioning elements. 10. Signal processing elements. 11. Data presentation elements. Part III: Speciaised Measurement Systems 12. Flow measurement systems. 13. Intrinsically safe measurement systems. 14. Heat transfer effects in measurement systems. 15. Optical measurement systems. 16. Ultrasonic measurement systems. 17. Gas chromatography. 18. Data acquisition. Answers to numerical problems. Index.

347 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review paper, the performance (in particular the magnetic field resolution), micro-fabrication technologies and applications of micrometer sized Hall effect devices are summarized.
Abstract: In this review paper, we summarize the performance (in particular the magnetic field resolution), micro-fabrication technologies and applications of micrometer sized Hall effect devices. Additionally, our activities in this domain are briefly described.

150 citations

Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed description of the characteristics of a flowmetering system and its application in a variety of applications, including the following: anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTUs for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flow Meters, Magnetic FlowMeters, Coriolis Mass Flow-meters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmetmers-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and
Abstract: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flowsheet Symbols and P&I Diagrams Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols Instrument Terminology and Performance System Accuracy Uncertainty Calculations Configuring Intelligent Devices Instrument Installation Instrument Calibration Response Time and Drift Testing Redundant and Voting Systems Instrument Evaluation Binary Logic Diagrams FLOW MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmeters-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units Polyphase (Oil/Water/Gas) Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flowmeter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flowmeters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Variable-Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters V-Cone Flowmeter Venturi Tubes, Flow Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters Weirs and Flumes LEVEL MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Probes Conductivity and Field Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Microwave Level Switches Optical Level Devices Radar, Noncontacting Level Sensors Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, PDS) Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges Thermal Level Sensors Time Domain Reflectometry and Phase Difference Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Color Indicators, Crayons, Pellets Fiber-Optic Thermometers Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Pneumatic and Suction Pyrometers Pyrometric Cones Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers Quartz Crystal Thermometry Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells Ultrasonic Thermometers PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Selection and Application Accessories: Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, and Manifolds Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Multiple Pressure Scanners Multiple Pressure Scanners Pressure Gauges Pressure Repeaters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Vacuum Sensors DENSITY MEASUREMENT Density: Applications and Selection Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas, Liquid, and Slurry Services) Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers Liquid/Slurry/Gas Density-Vibrating Densitometers Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers Gas Densitometers SAFETY AND MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS Boroscopes Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Electrical Meters and Sensors Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arresters, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Leak Detectors Linear and Angular Position Detection Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Relief Valves-Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves-Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Discs Soft Sensors Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Transducers Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Weather Stations Weighing Systems: General Considerations Weight Sensors ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analyzer Application and Selection Analyzer Sampling: Process Samples Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles Air Quality Monitoring Biometers Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Oxygen Demand Calorimeters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustibles Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Analyzers Corrosion Monitoring Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor Dioxin Analysis Elemental Monitors Fiber-Optic Probes Fluoride Analyzers Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Open Path Spectrometry Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particulates, Opacity, Dust, and Smoke Particle Size and Distribution Monitors pH Measurement Phosphorus Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers - ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers Sulfur Oxide Analyzers Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon Analyzers Toxic Gas Monitoring Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers-Application and Selection Viscometers-Laboratory Viscometers-Industrial Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers APPENDIX International System of Units Engineering Conversion Factors Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Metallic and Other Materials Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Directory of "Lost" Companies INDEX

93 citations


"Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...There are different techniques [1]–[4] available in industry to measure the absolute and gauge pressures....

    [...]

  • ...Secondary sensors like strain gauge, piezoelectric transducer, linear variable differential transformer and capacitive element [1]–[4] are used for that conversion....

    [...]

Book
01 Oct 1999
TL;DR: The "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" as discussed by the authors has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the chemical process industries (CPI) and has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries.
Abstract: Through three editions, "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" has set the standard for authoritative information on instruments and controls used in the chemical process industries (CPI). Broad in scope, thorough, and practical, it has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the CPI. The new fourth edition, now titled "Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook", has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries. Extensively revised and updated, this monumental handbook reflects all of the latest developments on: control and data objectives; control and data systems, discrete-piece manufacturing control, and data acquisition and communication system architectures; measurement, sensors, transducers and transmitters; automatic control fundamentals and theory; computing elements in control settings; valves, actuators, and manipulators in control systems; operators' control system interface; control system design, selection, and specification. This reference source of measurement and control data should help design, control, instrumentation, process, manufacturing, and plant engineers design a system right the very first time and avoid costly downtime.

78 citations