Design and Analysis of Hall Effect Probe-Based Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Sensor
04 Mar 2015-IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (IEEE)-Vol. 64, Iss: 9, pp 2548-2556
TL;DR: The design of a noncontact pressure transducer along with a transmitting unit using bellows as the primary sensing element and a Hall sensor as secondary sensing element has been described and theoretical equations describing the operation of the proposed transducers and transmitter have been derived.
Abstract: Bellows is an elastic-type pressure sensor used as a local indicator in industry. Transmission of bellows reading to a remote location in control room is very important in pressure measurement and control system in industry. In this paper, the design of a noncontact pressure transducer along with a transmitting unit using bellows as the primary sensing element and a Hall sensor as secondary sensing element has been described. The theoretical equations describing the operation of the proposed transducer and transmitter have been derived. The function of the transducer and transmitter has been experimentally tested and the experimental results are reported in the paper. Both transducer and transmitter characteristics have been found to be linear with good repeatability. The graphical abstract is shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1. Graphical abstract.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors presented the fabrication and testing of a pressure sensor integrated with Hall effect sensors and permanent magnets arranged in two configurations to measure pressure in the range of 0.1 bar.
Abstract:
Purpose
This paper aims to present the fabrication and testing of a pressure sensor integrated with Hall effect sensors and permanent magnets arranged in two configurations to measure pressure in the range of 0–1 bar. The sensor is fabricated using stainless steel (SS) and can be used in high-temperature and highly corrosive environments. The fabricated sensor is of low cost, self-packaged and the differential arrangement helps in compensating for any ambient temperature variations.
Design/methodology/approach
The sensor deflects of a circular diaphragm with a simple rigid mechanical structure to convert the applied pressure to a Hall voltage output. Two sensor designs are proposed with a single pair of Hall sensors and magnets and a differential configuration with two Hall sensors and magnets. Two sensor designs are designed, fabricated and tested for their input–output characteristics and the results are compared.
Findings
The fabricated sensors are calibrated for 25 cycles of ascending and descending pressure in steps of 0.1 bar. Various static characteristics like nonlinearity, hysteresis and % error are estimated for both the sensor designs and compared with the existing Hall effect based pressure sensors. The differential arrangement design was found to have better characteristics as compared to the other design from the experimental data.
Originality/value
This paper focuses on fabricating and testing a novel differential Hall effect based pressure sensor. The differential arrangement of the sensor aids in the compensation of ambient temperature variations and the use of SS enables the sensor in high-temperature and highly corrosive applications. The proposed sensor is low cost, simple and self-packaged, and found to have high repeatability and good linearity compared to other similar Hall effect based pressure sensors available in the literature.
3 citations
08 Feb 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , a wired and wireless transmitter for two different designs of hall effect-based pressure sensors are designed and experimentally tested, and the proposed transmitters are of low cost, and simple in design.
Abstract: In this paper, a wired and wireless transmitter for two different designs of hall effect-based pressure sensors are designed and experimentally tested. A wired transmitter is designed by converting the actual sensor output to a 1-5V range using a signal conditioning circuit, followed by a voltage-to-current (V-I) converter to convert the signal conditioning circuit output to a 4-20 mA current signal which can be transmitted to any remote indicator without any data loss. A wireless transmitter is also designed with the same signal conditioning circuit and a Wi-Fi module to transmit the pressure sensor data wirelessly to the IoT cloud server. The Blynk IoT console is used as a server to access the transmitted data through a PC/laptop connected to the Internet. The linearity as % deviation and % error of the V-I converter is calculated for wired transmission and the mismatch between transmitted and received data is also found for the wireless transmission for both sensor designs. The proposed transmitters are of low cost, and simple in design, and the pressure sensor data can be transmitted in real-time using both wired and wireless modes.
04 Mar 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a photonic based pressure measurement and transmitting technique of pressure which is capable to transmit the measured flow rate data through optical fiber with the help of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI).
Abstract: In the process industries, pressure measurement using bourdon tube is basic measurement technique. In the present work, we proposed a photonic based pressure measurement and transmitting technique of pressure which is capable to transmit the measured flow rate data through optical fiber with the help of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI). A modified bourdon tube based transducer developed using hall probe sensor. Transducer converts the pressure to the 1-5 Volt and 4-20 mA which is not suitable for inflammable regions of the process plant. For this purpose a measured pressure transmit to the remote location in optical domain. The required mathematical derivation and the principle of operation of the transmitter are shown in the paper.
DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper , a methodology for wireless and passive pressure measurement systems has been presented based on the principle of inductive-capacitive (LC) sensing, where two flexible carbon composite materials: Velostat and carbon conductive foam have been chosen as the pressure sensing element.
Abstract: In this article, a methodology for wireless and passive pressure measurement systems has been presented based on the principle of inductive-capacitive (LC) sensing. In the proposed method, two flexible carbon composite materials: Velostat and carbon conductive foam have been chosen as the pressure sensing element. Both the materials have the property of piezoresistivity and show the change in resistivity with applied pressure. In the designed sensor, the LC circuit has been modified into an LCR tank circuit with a variable resistor as a sensing element. During the measurement, pressure has been monitored and measured using a reader coil, connected with the impedance analyzer. The change in resistance in Velostat or conductive foam with applied pressure, changes the input impedance, quality factor, and resonance frequency. The proposed measurement system has shown an innovative technique based on an LC pressure measurement system with a resistive sensing element. Both the sensing materials have been taken separately and individual experiments have been performed. The method has been tested and evaluated experimentally, which also analyzes the two carbon-composite-based materials for this type of wireless pressure sensor.
01 Dec 2015
TL;DR: A new optical type pressure sensing system is proposed in this paper, where the displacement of a bellow element is first converted into an electrical signal using hall probe sensor then it is converted into a optical signal using (MZI) Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.
Abstract: A new optical type pressure sensing system is proposed in this paper. Bellows, an elastic type sensing element is used to indicate the pressure in the form of displacement of bellows element. For automated process industries, the signal is required to be send to a remote location like control room. In order to send the mechanical movement of bellow corresponding to the applied pressure, to a control room the signal is to be converted in the form of electrical, pneumatic or optical signal. For inflammable industries optical signal transmission is preferred. In this work the displacement of bellow element is first converted into an electrical signal using hall probe sensor then it is converted into an optical signal using (MZI) Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. The proposed sensing system is designed and its theory of operation is developed. The experiment was done on the proposed system and the experimental characteristic shows very good linearity with excellent repeatability.
References
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01 Jan 1966TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a history of ecoulement and mesures used in this discipline over a 25-year period and aims to establish a chronology of events leading up to and including the invention of EMT.
Abstract: Part 1 General Concepts 1 Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation 2 Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments 3 Generalized Performance Characteristics of Instruments Part 2 Measuring Devices 4 Motion and Dimensional Measurement 5 Force, Torque, and Shaft Power Measurement 6 Pressure and Sound Measurement 7 Flow Measurement 8 Temperature and Heat-Flux Measurement 9 Miscellaneous Measurements Part 3 Manipulation, Transmission, and Recording of Data 10 Manipulating, Computing, and Compensating Devices 11 Data Transmission and Instrument Connectivity 12 Voltage-Indicating and -Recording Devices 13 Data-Acquisition Systems for Personal Computers 14 Measurement Systems Applied to Micro- and Nanotechnology
913 citations
"Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..." refers methods in this paper
...There are different techniques [1]–[4] available in industry to measure the absolute and gauge pressures....
[...]
...Secondary sensors like strain gauge, piezoelectric transducer, linear variable differential transformer and capacitive element [1]–[4] are used for that conversion....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present general principles of measurement systems, including reliability, choice and economics of measurement system elements, as well as the accuracy and reliability of the measurement system in the steady state.
Abstract: Part I: General Principles 1. The general measurement system. 2. Static characteristics of measurement system elements. 3. The accuracy of measurement systems in the steady state. 4. Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems. 5. Loading effects and two port networks. 6. Signals and noise in measurement systems. 7. Reliability, choice and economics of measurement systems. Part II: Typical Measurement System elements. 8. Sensing elements. 9. Signal conditioning elements. 10. Signal processing elements. 11. Data presentation elements. Part III: Speciaised Measurement Systems 12. Flow measurement systems. 13. Intrinsically safe measurement systems. 14. Heat transfer effects in measurement systems. 15. Optical measurement systems. 16. Ultrasonic measurement systems. 17. Gas chromatography. 18. Data acquisition. Answers to numerical problems. Index.
347 citations
TL;DR: In this review paper, the performance (in particular the magnetic field resolution), micro-fabrication technologies and applications of micrometer sized Hall effect devices are summarized.
Abstract: In this review paper, we summarize the performance (in particular the magnetic field resolution), micro-fabrication technologies and applications of micrometer sized Hall effect devices. Additionally, our activities in this domain are briefly described.
150 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed description of the characteristics of a flowmetering system and its application in a variety of applications, including the following: anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTUs for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flow Meters, Magnetic FlowMeters, Coriolis Mass Flow-meters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmetmers-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and
Abstract: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flowsheet Symbols and P&I Diagrams Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols Instrument Terminology and Performance System Accuracy Uncertainty Calculations Configuring Intelligent Devices Instrument Installation Instrument Calibration Response Time and Drift Testing Redundant and Voting Systems Instrument Evaluation Binary Logic Diagrams FLOW MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmeters-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units Polyphase (Oil/Water/Gas) Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flowmeter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flowmeters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Variable-Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters V-Cone Flowmeter Venturi Tubes, Flow Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters Weirs and Flumes LEVEL MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Probes Conductivity and Field Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Microwave Level Switches Optical Level Devices Radar, Noncontacting Level Sensors Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, PDS) Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges Thermal Level Sensors Time Domain Reflectometry and Phase Difference Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Color Indicators, Crayons, Pellets Fiber-Optic Thermometers Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Pneumatic and Suction Pyrometers Pyrometric Cones Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers Quartz Crystal Thermometry Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells Ultrasonic Thermometers PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Selection and Application Accessories: Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, and Manifolds Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Multiple Pressure Scanners Multiple Pressure Scanners Pressure Gauges Pressure Repeaters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Vacuum Sensors DENSITY MEASUREMENT Density: Applications and Selection Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas, Liquid, and Slurry Services) Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers Liquid/Slurry/Gas Density-Vibrating Densitometers Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers Gas Densitometers SAFETY AND MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS Boroscopes Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Electrical Meters and Sensors Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arresters, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Leak Detectors Linear and Angular Position Detection Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Relief Valves-Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves-Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Discs Soft Sensors Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Transducers Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Weather Stations Weighing Systems: General Considerations Weight Sensors ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analyzer Application and Selection Analyzer Sampling: Process Samples Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles Air Quality Monitoring Biometers Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Oxygen Demand Calorimeters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustibles Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Analyzers Corrosion Monitoring Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor Dioxin Analysis Elemental Monitors Fiber-Optic Probes Fluoride Analyzers Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Open Path Spectrometry Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particulates, Opacity, Dust, and Smoke Particle Size and Distribution Monitors pH Measurement Phosphorus Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers - ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers Sulfur Oxide Analyzers Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon Analyzers Toxic Gas Monitoring Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers-Application and Selection Viscometers-Laboratory Viscometers-Industrial Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers APPENDIX International System of Units Engineering Conversion Factors Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Metallic and Other Materials Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Directory of "Lost" Companies INDEX
93 citations
"Design and Analysis of Hall Effect ..." refers methods in this paper
...There are different techniques [1]–[4] available in industry to measure the absolute and gauge pressures....
[...]
...Secondary sensors like strain gauge, piezoelectric transducer, linear variable differential transformer and capacitive element [1]–[4] are used for that conversion....
[...]
Book•
01 Oct 1999
TL;DR: The "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" as discussed by the authors has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the chemical process industries (CPI) and has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries.
Abstract: Through three editions, "Process Instruments and Controls Handbook" has set the standard for authoritative information on instruments and controls used in the chemical process industries (CPI). Broad in scope, thorough, and practical, it has been used by designers, engineers, and technicians for dealing with process design problems commonly encountered in the CPI. The new fourth edition, now titled "Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook", has been expanded to include detailed coverage of instruments and control devices as they are used in the manufacturing industries. Extensively revised and updated, this monumental handbook reflects all of the latest developments on: control and data objectives; control and data systems, discrete-piece manufacturing control, and data acquisition and communication system architectures; measurement, sensors, transducers and transmitters; automatic control fundamentals and theory; computing elements in control settings; valves, actuators, and manipulators in control systems; operators' control system interface; control system design, selection, and specification. This reference source of measurement and control data should help design, control, instrumentation, process, manufacturing, and plant engineers design a system right the very first time and avoid costly downtime.
78 citations