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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Design and control of energy storage system for enhanced frequency response grid service

01 Feb 2018-pp 1189-1194
TL;DR: A design guideline of electrical energy storage system (ESS) for this EFR provision is given, and a power management system is described to ensure the control of a hybrid energy battery-supercapacitor storage systems (HESS).
Abstract: Nowadays, new regulations are taking place that impose to integrate more renewable energy sources (RES) to the grid. The intermittent characteristics of these uncontrollable sources have a negative impact on the grid quality and stability. On the other hand, the ancillary services (ASs) have potential role in maintaining the grid stability and balancing the frequency and the voltage at the fundamental values. Thus, AS market exhibits a great expansion in the recent years and novel regulation frameworks are also developing. Very recently in UK, the distribution network operator, National Grid (NG) have developed a novel portfolio for providing a primary active power AS known as Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) service. In this paper, a design guideline of electrical energy storage system (ESS) for this EFR provision is given. In addition, a power management system is described to ensure the control of a hybrid energy battery-supercapacitor storage system (HESS). Simulations are carried out for both battery only energy storage system (BESS) and HESS to analyze the regulation dynamics and to compare the performances for each system.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper makes a review on the above mentioned aspects, including the emerging frequency regulation services, updated grid codes and grid-scale ESS projects, and some key technical issues are discussed and prospects are outlined.
Abstract: Electric power systems foresee challenges in stability due to the high penetration of power electronics interfaced renewable energy sources. The value of energy storage systems (ESS) to provide fast frequency response has been more and more recognized. Although the development of energy storage technologies has made ESSs technically feasible to be integrated in larger scale with required performance, the policies, grid codes and economic issues are still presenting barriers for wider application and investment. Recent years, a few regions and countries have designed new services to meet the upcoming grid challenges. A number of grid-scale ESS projects are also implemented aiming to trial performance, demonstrate values, and gain experience. This paper makes a review on the above mentioned aspects, including the emerging frequency regulation services, updated grid codes and grid-scale ESS projects. Some key technical issues are also discussed and prospects are outlined.

134 citations


Cites background from "Design and control of energy storag..."

  • ...Recent research also throw emphasis on the design and control issues of ESS with multi-sources [32], [48], [66],...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based controller to manage the state of charge (SOC) of a Multi-EESS, providing frequency response services to the power grid, is proposed and results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Abstract: The ongoing reduction of the total rotational inertia in modern power systems brings about faster frequency dynamics that must be limited to maintain a secure and economical operation. Electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) have become increasingly attractive to provide fast frequency response services due to their response times. However, proper management of their finite energy reserves is required to ensure timely and secure operation. This paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based controller to manage the state of charge (SOC) of a Multi-EESS (M-EESS), providing frequency response services to the power grid. The proposed DRL agent is trained using an actor-critic method called Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (DDPG) that allows for continuous action and smoother SOC control of the M-EESS. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are used to represent the actor and critic policies. The proposed strategy comprises granting the agent a constant reward for each time step that the SOC is within a specific band of its target value combined with a substantial penalty if the SOC reaches its minimum or maximum allowable values. The proposed controller is compared to benchmark DRL methods and other control techniques, i.e., Fuzzy Logic and a traditional PID control. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

48 citations


Cites methods from "Design and control of energy storag..."

  • ...11 shows the evolution of the SOC of the M-EESS during the test period with the proposed DRL controller, and for comparison, with a a PID, and an FLC....

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  • ...The energy consumption of the FESS and UCSS was lower with the DRL controller than with the PID or FLC, which suggests that the DRL controller used the relatively larger BESS to balance the SOC of the rest of the other EESSs....

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  • ...An advantage of the proposed RL control framework, unlike PID or FL controllers, is that the policy could continue to be improved while it is on the target EESS....

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  • ...APPENDIX The following parameters for the PID controller were used...

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  • ...The PID control parameters used as a baseline for the comparison are listed in the Appendix....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper assesses whether synergies exist between two of the most significant of these services, fast frequency response and energy arbitrage, if a battery energy storage system is used to deliver both, and develops an innovative state-of-charge management strategy to exploit this synergy.

42 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulation results highlight the benefits of managing the SOC of the energy storage assets with the proposed controller, which include a reduced rate of change of frequency and frequency nadir following a loss of generation as well as an increase in the service performance measure which renders into increased economic benefits for the service provider.
Abstract: The increased adoption of renewable energy generation is reducing the inertial response of the Great Britain (GB) power system, which translates into larger frequency variations in both transient and pseudo-steady-state operation. To help mitigate this, National Grid, the transmission system operator in GB, has designed a control scheme called enhanced frequency response (EFR) specifically aimed at energy storage systems (ESSs). This study proposes a control system that enables the provision of EFR services from a multi-electrical ESS and at the same time allows the management of the state of charge (SOC) of each ESS. The proposed control system uses a Fuzzy Logic Controller to maintain the SOC as near as possible to the desired SOC of each ESS while providing EFR. The performance of the proposed controller is validated in transient and steady-state domains. Simulation results highlight the benefits of managing the SOC of the energy storage assets with the proposed controller. These benefits include a reduced rate of change of frequency and frequency nadir following a loss of generation as well as an increase in the service performance measure which renders into increased economic benefits for the service provider.

33 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results shows that the hybrid PSM approach allows a degree of the better performance for both grid while the sharing of SC is kept maximum 2.0% and 2.5% of the HESS capacity.
Abstract: Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on Li-ion and supercapacitor (SC) can play a potential role to stabilize the grid by providing the fast frequency ancillary services. The SC helps to reduce the battery charge/discharge stress and, hence, assists to extend the battery lifespan. The power sharing method (PSM) is the heart in control part to improve the HESS performance and reduce the battery stress. This paper proposes a hybrid PSM and investigates its impact on battery life extension along with its relation to the system design and regulation signal. The performance of hybrid PSM is compared with three other PSMs (low-pass filter, first and second rule based) in a 10 MW/10 MWh full-active parallel HESS for frequency regulation service in two networks: U.K. (national grid) and USA (PJM). Considering maximum possible battery lifetime upto 25 years, result shows that the hybrid PSM approach allows a degree of the better performance for both grid while the sharing of SC is kept maximum 2.0% and 2.5% (for U.S. and U.K. grid, respectively) of the HESS capacity. This study also analyses the impact of PSM on shared capacity and design of HESS for different grid regulation signals.

26 citations


Cites background from "Design and control of energy storag..."

  • ...service, a dynamic saturation block is designed according to the signal portfolio [7], [44] (Fig....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an energy storage system (ESS) might be a viable solution for providing inertial response and primary frequency regulation in the power system with a high penetration of wind power.
Abstract: Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources in power system leads to the replacement of conventional power plants (CPPs) and consequently challenges in power system reliability and security are introduced. This study is focused on improving the grid frequency response after a contingency event in the power system with a high penetration of wind power. An energy storage system (ESS) might be a viable solution for providing inertial response and primary frequency regulation. A methodology has been presented here for the sizing of the ESS in terms of required power and energy. It describes the contribution of the ESS to the grid, in terms of inertial constant and droop. The methodology is applied to a 12-bus grid model with high wind power penetration. The estimated ESS size for inertial response and primary frequency regulation services are validated through real-time simulations. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the ESS can provide the response similar to that provided by the CPPs.

271 citations


"Design and control of energy storag..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Thus, an important integration of renewable sources could impact dramatically the rate of change of the frequency (ROCOF) index [3]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study reviews and discusses the technological advancements and developments of battery-supercapacitor based HESS in standalone micro-grid system, and the system topology and the energy management and control strategies are compared.
Abstract: Global energy challenges have driven the adoption of renewable energy sources. Usually, an intelligent energy and battery management system is deployed to harness the renewable energy sources efficiently, whilst maintaining the reliability and robustness of the power system. In recent years, the battery-supercapacitor based hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been proposed to mitigate the impact of dynamic power exchanges on battery's lifespan. This study reviews and discusses the technological advancements and developments of battery-supercapacitor based HESS in standalone micro-grid system. The system topology and the energy management and control strategies are compared. The study also discusses the technical complexity and economic sustainability of a standalone micro-grid system. A case study of a standalone photovoltaic-based micro-grid with HESS is presented.

240 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Novel statistical techniques have been devised to quantify the design and operational requirements of ESS providing frequency regulation services, demonstrated via an illustrative service design and high-resolution frequency data from the Great Britain transmission system.

209 citations


"Design and control of energy storag..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Indeed, if the service is within the deadband, the maximum ramp rate is [12]:...

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  • ...Two response types where designed, known as narrow and wide services, while considering the main following requirements [12]....

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  • ...The portfolio specification of this regulation signal focus on improving the inertial response of the grid and guarantying certain spinning reserve [11], [12]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a technical review of power quality problems associated with the renewable based distributed generation systems and how custom power devices (CPD) such as STATCOM, DVR and UPQC play an important role in power quality improvement is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a technical review of power quality problems associated with the renewable based distributed generation systems and how custom power devices (CPD) such as STATCOM, DVR and UPQC play an important role in power quality improvement. IEEE and IEC standards for grid connected renewable energy systems are one of the critical points of interest for the selection of custom power devices. PV and wind energy systems integration issues and associated PQ problems are discussed. The role of CPDs in enhancing the integration of renewables and providing quality power through custom power park are described.

148 citations


"Design and control of energy storag..." refers background in this paper

  • ...However, the intermittent characteristic and the high integration of such uncontrollable resources affect the quality and the stability of the grid [2]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an adaptive energy management strategy (EMS) based on fuzzy logic and the optimal sizing for a tramway with a hybrid energy storage system (ESS) combining batteries (BT) and supercapacitors (SC) are presented.

131 citations