Design and Implementation of Scalable Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Monitoring
01 Mar 2008-Journal of Infrastructure Systems (American Society of Civil Engineers)-Vol. 14, Iss: 1, pp 89-101
TL;DR: The results showed that the WSN provides spatially dense and accurate ambient vibration data for identifying vibration modes of a bridge and the scalability of the network and the data quality was demonstrated.
Abstract: An integrated hardware and software system for a scalable wireless sensor network WSN is designed and developed for structural health monitoring. An accelerometer sensor node is designed, developed, and calibrated to meet the requirements for structural vibration monitoring and modal identification. The nodes have four channels of accelerometers in two directions and a microcontroller for processing and wireless communication in a multihop network. Software components have been implemented within the TinyOS oper- ating system to provide a flexible software platform and scalable performance for structural health monitoring applications. These components include a protocol for reliable command dissemination through the network and data collection, and improvements to software components for data pipelining, jitter control, and high-frequency sampling. The prototype WSN was deployed on a long-span bridge with 64 nodes. The data acquired from the testbed were used to examine the scalability of the network and the data quality. Robust and scalable performance was demonstrated even with a large number of hops required for communication. The results showed that the WSN provides spatially dense and accurate ambient vibration data for identifying vibration modes of a bridge.
Citations
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TL;DR: A flexible wireless smart sensor framework for full-scale, autonomous SHM that integrates the necessary software and hardware while addressing key implementation requirements is developed and validated on a full- scale a cable-stayed bridge in South Korea.
Abstract: Wireless smart sensors enable new approaches to improve structural health monitoring (SHM) practices through the use of distributed data processing. Such an approach is scalable to the large number of sensor nodes required for high-fidelity modal analysis and damage detection. While much of the technology associated with smart sensors has been available for nearly a decade, there have been limited numbers of full- scale implementations due to the lack of critical hardware and software elements. This research develops a flexible wireless smart sensor framework for full-scale, autonomous SHM that integrates the necessary software and hardware while addressing key implementation requirements. The Imote2 smart sensor platform is employed, providing the computation and communication resources that support demanding sensor network applications such as SHM of civil infrastructure. A multi-metric Imote2 sensor board with onboard signal processing specifically designed for SHM applications has been designed and validated. The framework software is based on a service-oriented architecture that is modular, reusable and extensible, thus allowing engineers to more readily realize the potential of smart sensor technology. Flexible network management software combines a sleep/wake cycle for enhanced power efficiency with threshold detection for triggering network wide operations such as synchronized sensing or decentralized modal analysis. The framework developed in this research has been validated on a full-scale a cable-stayed bridge in South Korea.
235 citations
Cites background or methods from "Design and Implementation of Scalab..."
...The majority of the work using wireless smart sensors for structural monitoring has focused on using the sensors to emulate traditional wired sensor systems (Arms et al. 2004, Pakzad et al. 2008, Whelan and Janoyan 2009)....
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...For example, a wireless sensor network implemented on the Golden Gate Bridge that generated 20 MB of data (1600 seconds of data, sampling at 50 Hz on 64 sensor nodes) took over nine hours to complete the communication of the data back to a central location (Pakzad et al. 2008)....
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TL;DR: A summary review of the systems developed in the ten years following 2006 with particular emphasis on the sensing characteristics, performances, and applications of the designed sensor boards for microvibration detection and analysis can be found in this article.
Abstract: Monitoring and analysing the integrity of structures and machinery is important for economic, operational, and mission critical reasons. In recent years, there has been growing interest in performing structural health monitoring (SHM) by monitoring structural dynamic response via micro electro-mechanical system accelerometers. In addition, the possibility of embedding these devices within a wireless sensor network and allowing measured data to be wirelessly transmitted has contributed to the development of many new applications not possible just a few years ago. These sensors, for use in SHM applications, need to detect low-amplitude and low frequency vibrations, operations which are not always feasible with the conventional low-cost sensor boards. Since the late 1990s, several accelerometer board prototypes have been proposed for achieving accurate vibration monitoring. This paper presents a summary review of the systems developed in the ten years following 2006 with particular emphasis on the sensing characteristics, performances, and applications of the designed sensor boards for microvibration detection and analysis.
198 citations
Cites background from "Design and Implementation of Scalab..."
...this reason, the design of this network is a non-trivial task [24]....
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a cyber-physical codesign approach to structural health monitoring based on wireless sensor networks that closely integrates flexibility- based damage localization methods that allow a tradeoff between the number of sensors and the resolution of damage localization, and an energy-efficient, multilevel computing architecture specifically designed to leverage the multiresolution feature of the flexibility-based approach.
Abstract: Our deteriorating civil infrastructure faces the critical challenge of long-term structural health monitoring for damage detection and localization. In contrast to existing research that often separates the designs of wireless sensor networks and structural engineering algorithms, this paper proposes a cyber-physical codesign approach to structural health monitoring based on wireless sensor networks. Our approach closely integrates 1) flexibility-based damage localization methods that allow a tradeoff between the number of sensors and the resolution of damage localization, and 2) an energy-efficient, multilevel computing architecture specifically designed to leverage the multiresolution feature of the flexibility-based approach. The proposed approach has been implemented on the Intel Imote2 platform. Experiments on a simulated truss structure and a real full-scale truss structure demonstrate the system's efficacy in damage localization and energy efficiency.
189 citations
TL;DR: A contemporary review of collective experience the researchers have gained from the application of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring is presented to assist the researchers in understanding the obstacles and the suitability of implementing wireless technology forStructural health monitoring applications.
Abstract: The importance of wireless sensor networks in structural health monitoring is unceasingly growing, because of the increasing demand for both safety and security in the cities. The speedy growth of ...
175 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results show that the system enables continuous or regular interval monitoring for in‐service highway bridges.
Abstract: An integrated structural health monitoring (SHM) system for highway bridges is presented in this article. The system described is based on a customized wireless sensor network platform with a flexible design that provides a variety of sensors that are typical to SHM. These sensors include accelerometers, strain gauges, and temperature sensors with ultra-low power consumption. A S-Mote node, an acceleration sensor board, and a strain sensor board are developed to satisfy the requirements of bridge structural monitoring. The article discusses how communication software components are integrated within TinyOS operating system to provide a flexible software platform whereas the data processing software performs analysis of acceleration, dynamic displacement, and dynamic strain data. The prototype system comprises a nearly linear multi-hop topology and is deployed on an in-service highway bridge. Data acquired from the system are used to examine network performance and to help evaluate the state of the bridge. Experimental results presented in the article show that the system enables continuous or regular interval monitoring for in-service highway bridges.
161 citations
Cites background from "Design and Implementation of Scalab..."
...Pakzad et al. (2005, 2008), Kim (2005), and Kim et al. (2007) proposed a 46-hop WSN, which can measure ambient vibrations....
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